Oil crops occupies an important place in theEgyptian Agricultural Savin, come to their importance in the demand derived from the demand for the production of food plant oils , which form a pattern prevailed for the Egyptian consumers, some oil crops grown for the use of its products for the purposes of bilateral or trilateral. The peanut harvest of export crops important addition to being  one of the many crops to use and is characterized by high net yield of it compared to other crops. The research Targeting answer to previous questions and to try to develop solutions to overcome the problems that hinder the increased production of the crop peanuts in Egypt, especially as it crops which enjoys high quality in the territories does not bestow the cultivation of other field crops, as research aims to identify the most influential variable in response farmers to grow the crop and the study of functions and production costs for this crop. The results indicate that the average annual area planted peanuts estimated at about 137, 70 feddan during the period (2009-2012), the average productivity Per feddan  which is estimated at 17.59 Ardeb, while the average production of about 4352,20 million Ardeb for the same period referred to, Results also indicated response function width of the crop that the most important economic factors affecting the area planted peanuts in Egypt is the net yield per feddan of maize crop summer, summer tomatoes, sesame. The estimated production functions and costs for the three classes of possessory crop in the study sample. Finally, research suggests the following: 1- The development of varieties of high productivity copes with the Egyptian conditions with the application of Modern Technology in Agricultural Methods with the help of research organizations and Agricultural extension. 2- Work to increase the Organic fertilizer and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer where it leads to increased production and reduced costs as indicated by the results of the study sample.  3- Encourage the establishment of factories involved in manufacturing main production areas such as the provinces of Nubaria and Lower Egypt (El-Beheira – El-Sharkeya - Ismailia) to encourage farmers to increase their production and supply at affordable prices.

This work aimed to study the effect of partial replacement of monosodium glutamate (MSG) by 5΄ inosine monophosphate (5΄-IMP) on the fertility of male rats after oral administration for 90 days. Before the biological treatment, a half amount of MSG as flavor enhancer in chicken burger was replaced by 5´IMP. The sensory assessment of cocked chicken burger confirmed that this used mixture (1:1 w/w) had a synergistic effect and led to improve the flavor intensity compared to that with MSG. Treatments were applied by stomach tube (mg/kg BW); (i) MSG, [60 for adult; 30 for weaned rats]; (ii) Mixture (1:1; w/w) of MSG and 5΄-IMP [30:30 for adults; 15:15 for weaned rats] and (iii) 5΄-IMP [30 for adult; 15 for weaned rats]. Body weight gain (BWG%) and weight of some reproductive organs including testes, prostate, cauda epididymes and seminal vesicles were measured. Serum testosterone and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) and seminal fructose content were assayed. Spermatozoa activity and the histology of reproductive organs were also studied in adult and weaned male rat groups. Severe negative effects on most studied parameters were demonstrated in MSG-groups, where the lowest fructose content in prostate, testosterone levels and spermatozoal activities were recorded. Reduction in the weight of cauda epididymes and testes was recorded in MSG-treated weaned rats. Histologically, all studied reproductive organs were dramatically affected by MSG-treatment. Considerable enhancements in the studied parameters and normal histological profiles were obtained due to the partial replacement of MSG by 5΄-IMP. In conclusion, 5΄-IMP has a potential protective effect against MSG-hazards in reproductive organs.

The research was qualitative analysis of media campaign for the super judicial Committee for Elections and the special election Parliament 2011 drew the attention of the researcher, and to identify the extent of public evaluation of the technical elements of the campaign media (sound effects - time - repetition - content - Graphic Design), and to identify the rate reminds respondents of messages each the ring alone episodes of the media campaign, and to identify the sources of information respondents own messages, which came rings media campaign, and to identify the most important factors associated with and influencing the rate remember the respondents to the messages the field on No. (2) title (the new electoral system), and to identify the most episodes watch for of the respondents, and more episodes benefit from the point of view of respondents, and to identify the degree of preference of the respondents to see the other campaigns competition was broadcast at the same timing of the campaign and compare them to see the degree of preference for the campaign.. Was chosen Qaliubiya because they fall within the provinces of electoral phase third in the division of electoral constituencies and thus been exposed respondents to the episodes longer periods compared to the audience the first phase and second any been watching the respondents to the campaign media a period of about three months was chosen (75), a woman from the tables special election province and that of three villages within the three centers Qalubia a (village Sndhur center Banha), and (village Ojhor major center Tookh), and (village notching Shebin Qanater) and so random sample, was limited to women without men of the weakness of the political participation of women in the Egypt before the revolution of January 25, the questionnaire was used personal interviews to collect research data during the months of June and July 2012 and using antipersonnel frequencies, percentages and Chi-square test x2 to analyze research data. The results showed qualitative analysis that rings the campaign theme of the study were presented equally and used loppying emotional and logical questions loppying and cartoons, and taken them that they did not support the means of communication other, nor is used as colors impressively, in addition to a lot of messages in a specified time, and in the evaluate the campaign has indicated a sample of know-how to appropriate all of the sound effects (73.3%) of the respondents, and the time (92%) of the respondents, and the rate of repetition (100%), and content (100%) of the respondents, whereas the total score of staying lost the medium from the viewpoint of respondents the results also indicated that the most important factors affecting the rate of recall of respondents to the messages of true second episode (education, age, number of viewing hours, the profession, the number of times watch the episode, the way the media favorite, the quality of favorite programs, media campaigns, competition, quality TV favorite, repetition, time, design, sound effects, which explains some (86.6%) of the variation in the rate of recall of respondents to messages Episode (2) entitled the new electoral system, while the remaining percentage of (13.4%) can be attributed to other variables, and found View more episodes and more episodes also benefit from the attention of the respondents is episode number (2). Study also concluded that the most important factors affecting the degree of preference of the respondents Show media campaigns and other competition is the presence of people and representatives , colors, suitable time with content.

The recent study aims to: identify a vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied, and the degree of vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils and identifying the farmer's suggestion to reduce Soil degradation. The study was conducted in Siwa Oasis in Matrouh Governorate. Data were collected through the personal interview with a systematic random sample of 148 farmers in Siwa Oasis using a questionnaire. Frequencies, per- centages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data. The most important findings were: 29.4% of the respondents had a low level knowledge of reducing Soil degradation technical recommendation. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01 level between the degree of agricultural extension work vision to reduce Soil degradation and the following variables: the respondent's education level, the degree of tribal leadership and the degree of tribal affiliation. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the same dependent variable and: area agricultural holdings and period of experience work in agricultural. There were non significant correlation between dependent variable and: age and size of the possession of agricultural animals.

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm at Shalakan, Kaleobia Governorate, Cairo, Egypt during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons to study the response of some bread wheat cultivars to sowing dates. Each experiment included 15 treatments which were the combination between three wheat cultivars (Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 9) and five sowing dates (1st October, 16th October, 1st November, 16th November and 1st December). The experimental design used was split plot design in 6 replications. The data revealed that sowing dates and cultivars both significantly affected wheat yield and its components. Sowing on 1st November exhibited significant maximum plant height, number of spike/m2, main spike length and weight, grains number of main spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as compared to early or late sowing in the season. Concerning wheat cultivars, Gemmiza 9 gave significantly highest yield and its components in comparison to Sakha 93 and Giza 168. The effect of the interaction between wheat cultivars and sowing dates were significantly differed in plant height, main spike length and weight, grain weight/spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as well as GCPY. Gemmiza 9 exhibited the significant highest parameters when sown on 1st November as compared to the other studied two cultivars. The data revealed that sowing Gemmiza 9 wheat cultivar on 1st November was the most suitable environmental conditions for growing wheat in Kaluobia Governorate.

Sharkia Governorate characterized by environmental and agricultural characters suitable for the production of sugar beet crop that making it one of the most important production areas in Egypt. Despite the importance of sugar beet crop as an economic crop for production of sugar, it has not taken enough attention to address the technology gap prevailing between researchers and producers in the employment of agricultural productivity resources to achieve the economic efficiency and that reduces faddan productivity and its return. This requires evaluating package of current agricultural practices affecting the productivity of the crop. So, the study used some economic criteria and statistical methods that achieve the objectives of the study and enhance the results such as correlation and regression procedures, change partitioning method and crop budget. The study was based on a field random sample of thirty farms in the province of Awlad Saker .. The study showed that the most important quantitative variables affecting the average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, seed amount, the amount of irrigation water where the combination of these factors contribute about 84% of the total quantitative factors affecting crop production. Also, the most important qualitative productive variables affecting the average productivity of the crop are number of hoeing times, the distance between hills and planning rate where these factors contribute about 64% of the total qualitative factors affecting the productivity of that crop. Then the most important quantitative and qualitative factors affecting average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, amount of irrigation water, the distance between hills, number of thinning times, where these factors contribute by 83% of the total factors affecting the sugar beet crop production. The study shows lack of commitment by producers of sugar beet recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture with respect to quantitative and qualitative technology practices where the amount of the technological gap between the recommendations of researchers and practices of farmers for the row width about 4.32 tons/ faddan,  number of times of thining 6.8 tons/ faddan,  number of times of hoeing 6.63 tons/ faddan, number of times irrigation 3.26 tons/ faddan, the distance between hills 5.5 tons/ faddan, planning rate of 1.5 tons/ faddan for farmer experience, 2.5 tons/ faddan, number of times of replanting 0.57 tons/ faddan. The total monetary value of these gaps is around 1501.65 pounds, 2414 pounds2353.65 pounds, 1157.3 pounds, 1952.5 pounds, 532.5 pounds, 887.5 pounds, 202.35 pounds, respectively. Therefore, the study recommends using the technological recommendations package of agricultural practices according to the research recommendations, with a focus on the most important factors affecting the productivity of the sugar beet crop, to reduce the gap between research recommendations and farmers' practices.

The response of “Canino” apricot trees to different soils were studied in three different regions, in El-Menoufia Governorate (as a sand and clay soil) & Alexandria Governorate (as a calcareous soil) during the two successive seasons of 2010 & 2011. Evaluation included vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, tree productivity and fruit characteristics. Chilling units as well as growing –degree hours were also estimated through the two studied seasons. Results indicated that the vegetative growth was the best in clay soil for shoot length, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Concerning periods of flowering, fruit set and harvesting dates there were variations among the three types of soils. Sand soil was the earliest followed by clay and calcareous soils. Percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were positively affected by soil type. Also, Fe, Mn and Zn were affected by soil type. “Canino” apricot trees produced earlier fruit yield with the better fruit quality in sandy soil, whereas clay soil type gave the greatest yield followed by sand and calcareous soils.

The present  study was carried out during two successive seasons, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, at the Agricultural Research Station; El-Otouria, Sheehaniya, Doha, Qatar; to investigate the response of  two tomato cultivars (Isabella and Milas) to biofertilizers and amino acids. Two biofertilizer treatments, rizobacterien at a rate of 2 and 4 liter per feddan and one of amino acid (Delfan) at a rate of 200 ppm, were used. Chicken manure, at a rate of 10 tons/ feddan, was the control treatment. Results showed the superiority of Isabella compared to Milas in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Using Rizobacterien at a rate of 4 liter/feddan plus Delfan (amino acids) at a rate of 200 ppm  increased growth and fruit chemical characters, earliness and total yield. The average fruit weight per plant was significantly high under Rizobacteria at a rate of 4 liter/feddan plus Delfan (amino acids) at a rate of 200 ppm. The lowest vegetative growth, fruit and yield characters were obtained from Rizobacteria at a rate of 2 liter/feddan. The water productivity results showed that all treatments led to the increase of fruit yield. Isabella cultivar had higher water productivity than Milas cultivar. Using of Rizobacterien at a rate of four liter/feddan also increased the water productivity. The same trend was obtained by using Delfan at a rate of 200 ppm. Concerning water productivity, Isabella cultivar had higher water productivity 16.7 and 17.2 kg of tomato fruits per cubic meter of irrigation water (m3) compared with Milas cultivar which produced15.9 and 16.5 kg tomato fruits per cubic meter of irrigation water for first and second seasons, respectively. Isabella cultivar plus amino acid (Delfan) gave the highest water productivity 19.1 and 19.7 kg of tomato fruits per m3 water for first and second seasons, respectively compared the other treatments.

Treatments by three herbicides named; Methabenzthiazuron, Isoprotoron and Chlorotoluron to control Italian ryegrass growing with barley during pre-emergence stage were investigated. Results showed that clear damage have been occurred by the three chemicals without prominent effect on barley plants. Italian ryegrass was controlled significantly (p<0.01) by all of the herbicides used but the three herbicides differed significantly (p<0.05) in their effects. Chlorotoluron gave effective control of Lolium multiflorum at dose of 2kg a.i/ha and slight damage on barley was observed. Isoproturon and methabenzthiazuron were less effective as more than 40% of Lolium multiflorum survived at different doses while barley was not affected significantly.

Aim of this study is to examine the substitution and complementary relationships of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes in the global market. The study focused on investigating current situation of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes at world market in comparison to its situation at Egyptian market. Hereby, demand on Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes was assessed and time trends of price developments were statistically estimated and their relationship to global prices were analyzed.   Most important results of existing study are summarized in the following points   The analysis of Egyptian and global export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed increasing trends of both, which is statistically significant. The results showed increasing demand on frozen at the cost of fresh potatoes. This also matches with same development at global market. The development of export prices of Egyptian potatoes (fresh and frozen) matches with the development of prices at global market. The relationship between Egyptian and global export prices has shown linear and stable between 2000 and 2012. It seems also that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. By studying for Stability Coefficient to export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. Canada, France, Germany, and Netherlands are the most export countries that competing with Egypt on world market of potatoes, particularly fresh. When computing the price competitiveness of Egyptian fresh potatoes, the result shows that Egyptian potatoes are highly competing with open-mentioned European export countries. The price competitiveness of Egyptian frozen potatoes is relatively higher when comparing to other competitive markets of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, etc. This shows great opportunity for Egypt for expanding its exports from frozen potatoes in nearly future. Using regression analysis of time series data, the study of demand for Egyptian exports of fresh potatoes indicated that Egyptian potatoes is considered as necessary good for consumers of open-mentioned countries based on estimated price and cross elasticities. It has also proven that there is a substitutional relationship between Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes. An important result that insure the importance of re-drawing export policies of potatoes exports in Egypt.