The experiments were conducted at the farm of Al-Alamia located at Nubaria- Egypt, in plastic houses (6m x 45m) where solanaceous crops have been grown as monoculture, and aimed to evaluate the soil solarization in combination with benefit microorganisms for controlling the pepper soil borne pathogens and weeds under plastic-house condition. Supplementation of organic matter in plastic-houses resulted in noticeable increase in fungal, bacterial and nematode counts. However, the population densities of total fungi,Fusaria, total bacteria, spore former bacteria, actinomycetes and nematodes after 15 and 30 days in the solarized plastic-houses were drastically reduced as compared tonon solarized control soil. This reduction was gradually increased depended on the time of sampling (after 15 days of transparent polyethylene mulching or after 30 days). Soil solarization reduced sharply free nitrogen fixers, 30 days after treatment the elimination of the Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. from soil was recorded. However, the free nitrogen fixers were found to be recolonized after one month from transplanting the seedling pepper plants in non solarized and solarized soil, so artificial inoculation of pepper seedlings with strains of Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp., were resulted great root colonization of plants than in non-solarized soil. Also, all annual weeds have been controlled with soil solarization which gave the best weed control treatment. On the other hand, solarization had pronounced effect on seedling establishment occurred in solarized plastic-houses. Increasing more than 30% in establishment of pepper seedling were recorded between the solarized and non-solarized plastic-houses which mulched with black sheets after three weeks of pepper transplanting.  The percentage of Phytophthora spp. isolated from the infected pepper seedlings were very high compared with other fungi, it was 49% of total isolated fungi after one week of transplanting. However, soil solarization increased pepper plant height and number of branches per plant as compared with non-solarized soil without black mulching or with black mulching. The pepper yield per plastic house up to 7 months increased with soil solarization by about 216 Kg, 18.3% over non solarized with black mulching, and 155 Kg, 12.4% over non solarized without mulching.

The problem of the search in the presence of large amount of waste is estimated at 74.7 million tons, including agricultural residues, which are estimated at about 23.9 million tons, representing about 32% of the total waste in Egypt without the benefit of full economic, which lead to the waste of economic resources, the study aims to attempt to shed light on the economic efficiency to Recycle agricultural residues to maximize economic benefit the study to the most important results: - Through the study of economic efficiency indicators to manufacture Tons of unconventional fodder of some agricultural residues indicate that the economic feasibility, where the average net revenue secondary outputs crops referred to was about 85,38 pounds (tons and net revenue crop residues of maize production reached a maximum of about 147,5pounds (tons, followed by net revenue remnants of rice crop, cotton, sugar beet, municipal beans about 77.6, 72.2, 69, is 60.6 pounds per ton, respectively. The average profitability of the pound investor secondary outputs of crops referred to was about 0.29 pounds. - The manufacture of organic manure (compost) of agricultural residues of economic feasibility, where the average net revenues of outputs secondary crops referred to hit about standing at 118.6 pounds (tons and net return on remnants of rice crop reached a maximum of about 141 pounds (tons, followed by net revenue crop residues of rice, maize, beans, municipal cotton, sugar beet, about 77.6, 72.2, 69, is 60.6 pounds per ton, respectively. - To examine economic efficiency indicators to rotate tons organic fertilizers from animal waste indicate that the economic feasibility, where it was found that net revenues recycling reached about 154.8 pounds (tons). The study recommended that: - The possibility of making use of agricultural residues and treated to produce organic fertilizers, as a substitute for traditional fodder caravan of chemical fertilizers, and fodder expensive traditional crops estimate net revenue recommends rotating the sample conversion of remnants of corn, rice, cotton to feed non-traditional and rotate remnants of rice, maize, beans to municipal organic fertilizer, where they win economically. - Attention to economic development programs for the recycling of waste and encourage recycling of agricultural waste industry. - Wider dissemination of waste recycling technology through awareness in charge of this process, the economic importance of re-use of these residues.

World countries are highly involved in securing food for their citizens. With the rising world population, the world has increased the demand on fisheries as one of the protein supplements. The economic importance of fisheries comes from the fact that it is a renewable natural resource that can generate high economic revenues. This paper thus aims to address the main factors that contribute to increasing the fishery production in Egypt. The main findings are as follows: The feed ranked the first in terms of relative importance of total costs in civil farms. It accounted for around 59.9% and 65.23% respectively in the first and second groups. In the second rank came the farm rent constituting around 14.05% and 13.34% of total costs for the first and second group respectively. The findings revealed that average productivity per Acre estimated around 3.711 tons, 4.63 tons/acre for the first and second group respectively. The net investment revenue estimated around L.E. 0.49, 0.79 for the first and second group. The estimated optimum production point that minimizes costs is around 7.09 tons, 5.21 tons for the first and second groups respectively. The revenue/cost ratio estimated around 1.49, 1.79 times for the first and second group respectively. This is a higher-than-one number; thus revealing the feasibility of investing in these projects.   Policy recommendations   In light of the findings and in order to achieve inclusive development in this vital sector in Egypt, the study recommends directing more investments to the sector and constructing more farms in light of their high economic significance. It is important to provide preferential loans with flexible terms for farmers in this sector Enhancing the use of production and manufacturing technology in this sector. Disseminating the problems faced by the sector to universities and research centers to be studies and to find out practical solutions.

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of Bio and organic fertilizer on cucumber growth and yield during two successive seasons of 2010 and 2011 at Northern region in united Arab Emirates. The Queen cucumber hybrid was fertilized with different organic fertilizers i.e. Horse manure, compost, chickens manure and cows manure. Also using the bio fertilizer i.e. phosphobactein, Azotobacter and mycorrhizal. The results showed that cucumber yields differed in their response to the bio and organic fertilizer. The results showed that the compost was higher nitrogen percent and lower in C/N ratio, and pH, than the others organic fertilizer especially horse manure. The study demonstrated that the average cumulative cucumber yield was higher with compost + 22 (gm) mycorhizol/ plots treatments compared to other treatments throughout the experiment during the two successive winter seasons of 2010 and 2011. The plant height and plant fresh weight (g), with N100% mineral (control) deceased by 28% and 40% compared to N 100% organic (Compost) respectively during the winter season of 2010. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of cucumber fruits (%) significantly increased, as did the soil with the increase of organic fertilizes applied. The experimental results confirmed the combination of bio-and organic fertlizers could increase plant growth, yield and quality. It also confirmed that composted organic fertlizers can be used a source of nutration instead of chemical fertlizers for cucumber plants.

Salt stresses collectively are responsible for many crop losses worldwide especially salt -sensitive plants. The present study investigates the roles of exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB, 5mM) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive green bean seedlings. Salt stresses (45mM NaCl for one week) significantly reduced leaf relative water (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased percentage of electrolyte leakage, endogenous Proline and lipid peroxidation. Activities of peroxidase(PX), ascorbate peroxidae (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in shoots and roots of green bean seedlings subjected to salt stress. Exogenous application of GB improves salt tolerance of green been seedlings as shown by increased  RWC and chlorophyll contents in leaves and reduced percentage of electrolyte leakage,  lipid peroxidation and proline content. Under salinity stress condition, GB application decreased the activities of PX, CAT, APX and SOD in seedling shoots, whereas, it increased the activities of CAT and AP in roots. The result suggests that exogenous application of GB increased green bean seedlings' tolerance to salt-induced oxidative damage by upregulating their antioxidant defense system where this compatible solute protect plant cell against salinity stress.

Fattening cattle projects represents an important role in the agricultural economy, as these activities contribute by about 36% of the total value of agricultural production, amounting to about 159.09 billion Egyptian pounds. The average value of medium term livestock loans presented by the Bank of Development and Agricultural Credit during the period (2000-2012) was about (3 – 7.8) million Egyptian pounds, respectively. The search was a problem in that in spite of the availability of many economic possibilities and productive conditions that support and strength the chances of success of fattening cattle projects New Valley Governorate it was shown that Governorate has a Weak Contribution in Live stock Production. The objectives of these research is studying productive and economic efficiency for fattening cattle through some economic and technical relations to identify the most important factors that affect the economic efficiency in production. These objectives   has been realizing depending on two methods of data collection, the first depends on secondary data, and the second depends on the primary data through using questionnaires to collect data a sample of  cattle breeders at (Mott, acement, balat villages) at Dakhla district. The study used qualitative and quantitative statistical methods to achieve the objectives of the study, such as the equations of time trend in it's linear and quadratic, cubic, forms and use multi-phased regression method. The most important results that research can be summarized as follows: Decrease in short-term current value animal loans by annual rate of about 0.37 million pounds.  Decrease in short-term real terms animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.23 million pounds. Decrease in medium-term current value animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.95 million pounds.  Decrease in medium-term real terms animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.34 million pounds.  Increase numbers of cows by an annual rate of about 11.1 thousand units.  Decrease the numbers of buffalo by an annual rate of about 0.03 thousand units. Increase the numbers of sheep by an annual rate of about 4.9 thousand units. It shows also the in significance of increasing    the numbers of goats. Declining numbers of camels by an annual rate of about 0.28 thousand units. Results of calculating the production function of calves for total sample of the study shows a statistical significant positive relationship between gross flesh and the quantity of each of green fodder, concentrated and dry, employment and the weight of the animal at the beginning of the grow-out period, as an increase in the amount of those variables respectively by 1% leads to an increase in the amount of output by about 0.055%, 0.692%, 0.161%, 0.008%, 0.037%. Results showing also that the marginal product of feed for total sample was about 7.79, 75.68, 17.39 kg live weight of feed green, concentrated, dry, respectively, means that the marginal product of concentrated feed greater than the marginal product of other feed refers to preferential use of concentrated feed production red meat. The optimum weight and maximizing profit weight for the total sample was about 445, 495 kg.   In light of results, the research recommends the following:   Expansion in the establishment of livestock production projects, and work to support and encourage breeders by increase loans, and to facilitate the procedures for obtaining it. 2. Increasing the concentrated feed production in deferent areas to be compatible with the geographical distribution of animal wealth.

Agricultural foreign trade represents an important place in the total foreign trade for its contribution to the amount of change in the deficit in the trade of agricultural balance plus or minus, and thus change the extent of the deficit in the trade balance, and foreign trade which reflects the production, consumption and investment variables through the evolution of exports and imports. The problem with research in the State to take a lot of policies that help the development of exports and reduce imports of agricultural ones especially, but he agricultural exports did not achieve its objective which reflects the weak economic performance in the trade deficit, and the goals of research identify the evolution of exports and imports of the subject of the study crops, and the study of the economic efficiency of the Egyptian agricultural foreign trade through the relative importance of exports and imports of agricultural goods through the international exchange rate, and estimate the total agricultural foreign trade efficiency, which Based on appreciation to a number of indicators including coverage rate, dependency ratio, the degree of economic participation. According to the results obtained, the average coverage of trade overall rate was about 43.86%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 41.2%, indicating a lack of total agricultural exports to the requirements of the total and agricultural development cover, also results indicate that the average economic dependency of the trade rate total amounted to about 56.92%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 15.3%, which indicates a decline of agricultural dependence on counterpart rate at the national level, and reached the total average degree of economic participation of trade about 40.39%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 43.7% which refers to the coverage of agricultural trade to the proportion of 92.5% of total trade, also indicate a net food balance and the ratio of exports of food imports to the existence of permanent disability in food balance statistics, has been the exchange rate decreased commodity crops study namely rice, wheat, maize, dry beans and potatoes to less than one is true, which means that the exchange rate in an invalid state and this would lower real income and the low level of well-being as a result of lower exports of these crops and this is due to the obstacles facing agricultural exports, and recommended research need to take care of software development and support services for agricultural exports from the structure key export and activating the agreements, and the expansion of agricultural projects that produce for export.

The main objective of this paper was to analyze the impact of government policies on fruit and vegetable sector  in 2003 and 2009 in terms of profitability, protection, efficiency, competitiveness and comparative advantages. The study depended on secondary data and information collected from relevant sources and references. The policy analysis matrix (PAM) adopted as an analytical model to achieve the study objective. Private profitability, social profitability, nominal protection coefficient on outputs, nominal protection coefficient on inputs, effective protection coefficient, domestic resources coefficient private cost ratio and subsidy ratio to producer were calculated for the crops under study. The study results show that fruit and vegetable sector was taxed for outputs and subsidized for inputs, the net effect of outputs taxation and inputs subsidies resulted in a net taxation on value added at varying degrees. Consequently, it could be concluded that, although the overall impact was negative and tending to be worse, but the study results indicate that there are still comparative advantages in fruit and vegetable crops production. The study recommended further vertical and horizontal expansion of fruits and vegetables, strengthening production infrastructures, and government should enact efficient policies that correct the distorting tradable - outputs policy.

The purpose of this study was to 1) assess the linkages in the New Valley’s Agricultural Innovation System (NVAIS) and 2) characterize the information structure underlying the system. Data were collected from 50 respondents represent the nine components of the studied system during the period from Feb. to Mar. 2015 using in-depth interviews. The graph theoretical technique (GTT) was used to assess the linkages and information structures in the studied system. The obtained results showed that NVAIS was not fully identified; however, 44 of a total 72 linkages only were identified, and have a density of 0.61. Only 14 linkages are established through specific linkage mechanisms so density declines to 0.19. The component "Observatory of Development and cooperatives (O)" is by far the main sender of information, followed by the component "Extension (E)" and "Higher Education (H)". The main receivers of information, is the component of "Farmers (F)". Components of "Research (R)" and "Policy (P)" have a special position in this system, being the most interactive components as it sends as much information as it receives from others. Components of Secondary agricultural schools (S) and Agricultural Credit (C) are candidates to reform because of they interacts other components at a low tone. The component of private input supply, marketing and processing (M) is isolated is needs to deal efforts on enhancing its interaction within other components of the system. Any interventions on the components of O or F will be reflected in all over the system because the first one is a dominant component while the second is subordinate. The intermediary institutions, O and E, should play a more active role in bringing together other components. Specifically, links between these components could be strengthened through policy dialogues where the O and E could pass information from S, F, M, and C to P, H and R; such transmission of information should help P, R and H reassess agricultural policy, research and education priorities

The main objectives of the research were to identify the size of wheat gap and find the appropriate solutions to apply  wheat self-sufficiency in the near future through  designing micro economic equilibrium model for wheat during the period (1995-2013) the model may identify the change in government revenues, the change in foreign exchange earnings and the rate of tariff,  the coefficient of the tariff and the change in surplus producers, the change in the surplus of consumers, efficiency indicators of a return or social loss in production and yield,  and social loss in consumption and total return.   The study predicted increasing in government loss about LE 13.287 billion in 2014 to about LE 20.11 billion, increasing in foreign exchange earnings of about LE 11.64 billion in 2014 to about 18.07 billion pounds, and it also expected to increase in the implicit tax (of the tariff rate) by the domestic producer of about 0.17 in 2014 to about 0.25. The study also predicted continuing socio loss in production to reach about LE 1.92 billion in 2020 because of continued rising in production costs, which is expected to reach about LE 5707 per acre in 2020 with increase ratio about 18.32% compared to 2013. It was also expected to continue growing consumer surplus to reach around LE 10.7 billion in 2020 and because of the government's continued support in the bread system.