The current research aimed to investigating the current situation of the research stations of Desert Research Center and possibility of achieving its roles in the development of the Desert communities, identifying barriers facing and badly affect its role from the viewpoint of its employees, in addition to identifying the current and expected role of these stations from the viewpoints of the surrounded farmers. Thirty six research stations’ employees represent about 32.7% of the total number of employees were selected from the studied research stations. In addition to twenty surrounded farmer were selected belonging to each station with a total number of 80. The research depends on the description approach to achieve its objectives. Frequencies, percentages, average, and weighted average were used for result presentation and analysis.      The main results were   1-   Lack of efforts for employees’ trainings that could affect their role in developing the desert communities they working in. 2-   There are several barriers faced the studied research stations and the employees suggests several points to overcome these barriers. 3-   More than two thirds of respondents (67.5%) were located in low and medium level of the role, that represent the low role of the studied research stations in the development of desert communities 4-   There are several activities and services were expected by the surrounded farmers that could activate the stations’ developmental roles. At the end, based on the research findings, four recommendations were formulated to activation the research stations’ role s in serving and development of desert communities.

Susceptibility of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) larvae, pupae and adults to entomopathogenic nematode, Steirnernema carpocapsae and two fungal species; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae was investigated under laboratory conditions. Applied concentrations against the last instar larvae and different ages of the pupae, using leaf and soil treatments, were 250, 500,1000 IJs/ml for the nematode and 108, 109,1010 spores/ml for the fungi. Soil applications of the nematode and fungi resulted to high mortality (100, 100 and 93.3%) of4thinstar larvae while low pupal mortality (46.7,30and 23.3% ),respectively. In leaf treatment a high level of larval mortality (93.3, 90 and 80%) was recorded revealing S. carpocapsae, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. The present study also showed also susceptibility of Tuta absoluta adults to the three pathoens. The results demonstrated suitability of entomopathogenic nematode and fungi for controlling T. absoluta.

The safe re-use of wastewater for agriculture is a desired goal in many arid zone countries. The potential of greywater as alternative irrigation source for vegetable crops was investigated. Tomato, pea and cantaloupe plants were drip irrigated with both fresh Nile water and greywater to access the impact on yield production and associated environmental and health risks. The biological properties of the two different sources of water clearly indicated that greywater was extremely higher in bacterial content compared with fresh Nile water. Pea plants showed significantly higher yield irrigated with fresh Nile water, however, tomato and cantaloupe plants gave significantly higher yield irrigated with greywater. Generally, the coliform populations in untreated greywater irrigated plants were higher than those irrigated with Nile water in all tested vegetables. The percentages of increasing in total coliform in untreated-irrigated greywater vegetables were 27.95%, 34.55% and 41.4% for pea, tomato and cantaloupe (averaged over outer and inner fruit tissues), respectively. Unexpectedly, central part of fruits for pea and tomato had highest coliform counts when compared to the outer surface using both Nile and untreated greywater. Overall, irrigation with greywater increased soil bacterial content by 15% while fresh Nile water increased it by 13% at the end of the experiment. In addition, greywater elevated the content of soil total coliform by 52% where fresh Nile water increased it by 30%. The results of this study indicated that untreated greywater should not consider as an alternative irrigation source for edible crops such as vegetables. In current investigation, the beneficial effects in tomato through giving significantly higher yield with greywater became worthless after the enormous fecal contamination that was detected in fruits. Several considerations must be adopted to minimize the health and environmental risks associated with greywater reuse in irrigation of vegetable crops.

The experiments were conducted at the farm of Al-Alamia located at Nubaria- Egypt, in plastic houses (6m x 45m) where solanaceous crops have been grown as monoculture, and aimed to evaluate the soil solarization in combination with benefit microorganisms for controlling the pepper soil borne pathogens and weeds under plastic-house condition. Supplementation of organic matter in plastic-houses resulted in noticeable increase in fungal, bacterial and nematode counts. However, the population densities of total fungi,Fusaria, total bacteria, spore former bacteria, actinomycetes and nematodes after 15 and 30 days in the solarized plastic-houses were drastically reduced as compared tonon solarized control soil. This reduction was gradually increased depended on the time of sampling (after 15 days of transparent polyethylene mulching or after 30 days). Soil solarization reduced sharply free nitrogen fixers, 30 days after treatment the elimination of the Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. from soil was recorded. However, the free nitrogen fixers were found to be recolonized after one month from transplanting the seedling pepper plants in non solarized and solarized soil, so artificial inoculation of pepper seedlings with strains of Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp., were resulted great root colonization of plants than in non-solarized soil. Also, all annual weeds have been controlled with soil solarization which gave the best weed control treatment. On the other hand, solarization had pronounced effect on seedling establishment occurred in solarized plastic-houses. Increasing more than 30% in establishment of pepper seedling were recorded between the solarized and non-solarized plastic-houses which mulched with black sheets after three weeks of pepper transplanting.  The percentage of Phytophthora spp. isolated from the infected pepper seedlings were very high compared with other fungi, it was 49% of total isolated fungi after one week of transplanting. However, soil solarization increased pepper plant height and number of branches per plant as compared with non-solarized soil without black mulching or with black mulching. The pepper yield per plastic house up to 7 months increased with soil solarization by about 216 Kg, 18.3% over non solarized with black mulching, and 155 Kg, 12.4% over non solarized without mulching.

Salt stresses collectively are responsible for many crop losses worldwide especially salt -sensitive plants. The present study investigates the roles of exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB, 5mM) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive green bean seedlings. Salt stresses (45mM NaCl for one week) significantly reduced leaf relative water (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased percentage of electrolyte leakage, endogenous Proline and lipid peroxidation. Activities of peroxidase(PX), ascorbate peroxidae (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in shoots and roots of green bean seedlings subjected to salt stress. Exogenous application of GB improves salt tolerance of green been seedlings as shown by increased  RWC and chlorophyll contents in leaves and reduced percentage of electrolyte leakage,  lipid peroxidation and proline content. Under salinity stress condition, GB application decreased the activities of PX, CAT, APX and SOD in seedling shoots, whereas, it increased the activities of CAT and AP in roots. The result suggests that exogenous application of GB increased green bean seedlings' tolerance to salt-induced oxidative damage by upregulating their antioxidant defense system where this compatible solute protect plant cell against salinity stress.

The research to identify the impact of the training program held at the Desert Research Center en titled" hydroponics" ((Agriculture roofs) to change the level of knowledge of the trainees related to agriculture, water (Agriculture roofs), and to identify trainees in the program, and the most important problems faced by the trainees during the training , in addition compare what was actually gained and what to is expected , therefore  it may be able to develop a proposal for a training program for the Agriculture roofs a questionnaire is made before and after the participants attending program held by the Desert Research Center among a large number of projects implemented by different bodies totally training programs thirty two  trainees  attending training it for four hours a day over consecutive days two (19 - 20) in January 2014.   Frequencies, Proportion, will cocoons test,   used to data analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is a change in the level of knowledge of the trainees with regard to agriculture, (the Agriculture roofs) compare with then prior the number of trainees knowledge has increased from 18%to 59.3% after attending the program. In general the notice of trainees attending to the program has in creased to almost 53%.  Problems faced the trainees were that they were not able to visits agriculture roofs models and training on such system. This my help to comp air then knowledge before on often attending the program , the program used depends on theoretical, CDs and not used posters, demonstration of practical viewing and , posters or clarify the practical displays the results, clarification of practical experience , participation of trainees,  thus other important issue uses such as cultivation methods, diseases and actual costs wear not available  to trainees finally the program has evaluated the knowledge of trainees at the end of program whit out refining to then knowledge at the beginning the program.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Fayoum, Cario University at Dalla, Fayoum Governorate during the two seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of organic manure and number of berseem cuts on cotton yield and its components and fiber traits. The obtained results indicate that only plant height at harvest, number of fruiting branches / plant and the height of the 1st fruiting branch were significantly affected by organic manure (O.M.) application. On the other hand, organic manure did not affect significantly the seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Cotton planting dates affected significantly all studied vegetative growth, seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Early planting date (1st week of March) showed significant superiority over the other two planting dates (1st week of April & May) in number of fruiting branches/ plant, number of days to 1st flower appearance and 1st boll opening, number and weight of open bolls/ plant in the 1st& 2nd pickings, seed cotton yield, lint percentages and studied fiber quality traits. The decreases in the total seed cotton yield attributed to the late planting dates (1st week of April & May) amounted 26.4 and 84.8% and 30.6 and 84.1% of  March planting with the treatments of 10 and 20 m3/ fad organic manure, respectively.

Fattening cattle projects represents an important role in the agricultural economy, as these activities contribute by about 36% of the total value of agricultural production, amounting to about 159.09 billion Egyptian pounds. The average value of medium term livestock loans presented by the Bank of Development and Agricultural Credit during the period (2000-2012) was about (3 – 7.8) million Egyptian pounds, respectively. The search was a problem in that in spite of the availability of many economic possibilities and productive conditions that support and strength the chances of success of fattening cattle projects New Valley Governorate it was shown that Governorate has a Weak Contribution in Live stock Production. The objectives of these research is studying productive and economic efficiency for fattening cattle through some economic and technical relations to identify the most important factors that affect the economic efficiency in production. These objectives   has been realizing depending on two methods of data collection, the first depends on secondary data, and the second depends on the primary data through using questionnaires to collect data a sample of  cattle breeders at (Mott, acement, balat villages) at Dakhla district. The study used qualitative and quantitative statistical methods to achieve the objectives of the study, such as the equations of time trend in it's linear and quadratic, cubic, forms and use multi-phased regression method. The most important results that research can be summarized as follows: Decrease in short-term current value animal loans by annual rate of about 0.37 million pounds.  Decrease in short-term real terms animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.23 million pounds. Decrease in medium-term current value animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.95 million pounds.  Decrease in medium-term real terms animal loans by an annual rate of about 0.34 million pounds.  Increase numbers of cows by an annual rate of about 11.1 thousand units.  Decrease the numbers of buffalo by an annual rate of about 0.03 thousand units. Increase the numbers of sheep by an annual rate of about 4.9 thousand units. It shows also the in significance of increasing    the numbers of goats. Declining numbers of camels by an annual rate of about 0.28 thousand units. Results of calculating the production function of calves for total sample of the study shows a statistical significant positive relationship between gross flesh and the quantity of each of green fodder, concentrated and dry, employment and the weight of the animal at the beginning of the grow-out period, as an increase in the amount of those variables respectively by 1% leads to an increase in the amount of output by about 0.055%, 0.692%, 0.161%, 0.008%, 0.037%. Results showing also that the marginal product of feed for total sample was about 7.79, 75.68, 17.39 kg live weight of feed green, concentrated, dry, respectively, means that the marginal product of concentrated feed greater than the marginal product of other feed refers to preferential use of concentrated feed production red meat. The optimum weight and maximizing profit weight for the total sample was about 445, 495 kg.   In light of results, the research recommends the following:   Expansion in the establishment of livestock production projects, and work to support and encourage breeders by increase loans, and to facilitate the procedures for obtaining it. 2. Increasing the concentrated feed production in deferent areas to be compatible with the geographical distribution of animal wealth.

This research amid at studying the most important productivity and economic indicators for maize crop in the reclaimed during the period (2001- 2012), the geographical distribution of areas, productivity and production of maize in the reclaimed, the most important production problems facing farmers of maize in the reclaimed and suggestions of producers to solve them, identify the most important factors affecting maize production crop and estimate the cost function with determining the minimization of costs that achieve the highest productivity of maize crop were also made the study is based on random field sample with a size of 110 farmers from county of Al-Dakhla, Al-khrga, Farafra, Paris, Balat of New Valley Governorate during 2014 year . When estimating size of productivity per feddan for maize crop which may minimizes   productivity costs to the lowest level in the New Valley Governorate, it was showed    that this size is estimated at 2.04 tons/feddan in the season of  2014. The number of farmers who have reached this volume of production amounted to 20 farmers of the total sample size of 110 farmers with ratio of 18.18%. The study showed that most important quantitative variables affecting average production per feddan of maize crop in the New Valley Governorate using stepwise multiple regression procedure were the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, amount of phosphate fertilizers, number of workers as there was significant correlation between independent variables and the dependent variable. These three factors explain about 82 % of the total influencing factors affecting the production of the crop. So, the study recommends focusing on nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers due to the nature of the soil. The study recommends that price fertilizer may be decreased, provision of fertilizers in cultivating areas to avoid transportation costs, The need to provide specialized technical labor by the State and public agencies on training skilled technical labor, and support agricultural production and reduce agricultural machinery prices all these chains shall lead to reduce Egypt's imports of maize needed to develop   livestock sector and to reduce the burden of foreign currencies.

Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) freshly juiced for human consumption. The objective of the investigation performed was to assess the nutritional value of wheatgrass juice under laboratory and open field conditions at two different cuts. Protein, chlorophyll contents, minerals content (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and Se) and amino acids content as well as phytochemical constituents were determined. Grown wheatgrass at laboratory caused an increase of the protein content of its juice over open field condition. High chlorophyll content was observed under open field especially at second cut. Most of minerals content underwent to increase under open field except Mg content. Aspartic acid was recorded the highest amino acid in both laboratory and open field. Total essential amino acids were increased under open field condition at both first and second cut followed by first cut at laboratory. No big changes of natural phytochemicals constituents can shown between laboratory and open field condition while it was more pronounced compare with wheat seeds. The study suggested that sprouting wheat seeds at laboratory and open field improve the nutritional value of grass juice with preferably to laboratory condition especially at first cut and for saving agricultural land.