Baby pea (pisum sativum L.) shoots is a new ready to eat baby leaf vegetable sprouts in Egypt. The overall quality change of baby pea shoots is greatly affected by surrounding environmental conditions especially increased elevation of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. This work focus on the impacts of predicted climate changes conditions on the quality of baby pea shoots by using two carbon dioxide concentrations (600 and 800 ppm) compared with ambient air (control) in interaction with three microbial inoculants and their combinations, in semi-automated growth chambers using tray sprouting method. The obtained results showed the largest yield of pea sprouts per unit area in 800 ppm CO2 concentration with increasing about 20% more than ambient air (control) followed by 600 ppm with increasing about 9.4% than ambient air. Also, it revealed that using CO2 at 800 ppm increased pea sprout crude protein content 37.8%, lipid 46.9% and energy 19.5% per unit area when compared to ambient air. While pea sprout treated by 800 ppm CO2 and inoculated by combination of  Az. chroococcum + B. megaterium + Ps. fluorescens recorded the highest significant shoot length in the second cut and highest significant chlorophyll in first and second being 13.25 cm, 57.3 and 58.9 μg Chl./cm (SPAD) and the highest significant protein, lipids, and ash content being 48.65, 4.95, 10.69% as well as the highest significant mineral values of P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn being 0.545, 3.535, 0.620% and 61.3 ppm respectively. Current study suggests that high CO2 concentration in the presence of Az. chroococcum + B.  megaterium + Ps. fluorescens improve the yield and the quality of baby pea shoots.

Egyptian agricultural lands are subject to many constraints and challenges which negatively impact the ability of the state to produce the food needs of the present and the inability to provide food needs As a result of the difficulty of reexploiting the land in agricultural activity with the same efficiency, only by providing a large amount of financial resources that were supposed to be directed to the development of the agricultural sector and improve the standard of living of the population. The research aims to study the role of agricultural policies in the development and protection of agricultural land, The results showed, the land area of the first class declined to less than 45% during the period (1996-2000), The total area of agricultural land that has been violated since 1983 until 1/10/2017 about 318.5 thousand acres, of  which about 27 thousand acres, the percentage of the removal of the violations of about 30.20 % Since 25/1/2011 until 1/10/2017. It is expected that the proportion of agricultural land of the total area of the total area of Egypt  about 3.88% in 2016 and will be about 4.06% in 2020, an increase of about 1.4%, representing about 52.6% from 1990 .The results of the analysis showed that the area will increase in the coming years, Means that the policies are in the right direction towards the sustainability of agricultural land resources with the need to follow up and develop solutions that reduce and respond to the deterioration and decline of agricultural land in Egypt to achieve sustainable agricultural development.

Natural sources of water are limited in Egypt. The rapidly growing populations necessitate continuous expansion of the cultivated area. This means an increase of the gap between the demands of water for irrigation and the limited water supply. Looking for other sources such as low quality water like (industrial effluent, drainage and sewage) must be used in irrigation of some garden and wood plants. This investigation was conducted on agricultural drainage wastewater from El Mohete drain (Marioteya Canal) west of Cairo; the samples were collected from different places during (Summer and Winter seasons). The wastewater contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, the excess of fertilizers (inorganic & organic), heavy metals, and the residuals of pesticides. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) could remediate the wastewater as biological bioremediation to remove some pollutants such as pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and pesticides. Chemical remediation was used as nitrification inhibitor to stop transformation of ammonia to nitrate. This work was conducted to study the ability of PGPR strains e.g. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus circulans, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas floresense, Serratia sp. and Azotobacter chroococcum 5, 9 and 23 to treat the drainage water for irrigation the Mentha viridis cv. and Gladiolas grandiflorus cv. plants.                 Two pot experiments were conducted in greenhouse. The treatments were applied as follows; Natural water, treated water and drainage water to irrigate the plant. Use the PGPR as inoculants and thiourea as nitrification inhibitor, Heavy metal treated was (Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury) the result showed us heavy metals removal by PGPR from drainage water. The characterizations of PGPRs as shown in the obtained results are they could enhance plant growth by using their own metabolism (solublizing phosphate, producing hormones or fixing nitrogen) as well as correlation of them with the potenit of effects on the growth of plants in unfavorable conditions in order to improve the efficiency of phytoremdiation of contarinated soils. The removal of heavy metals and the elimination of pesticides residues were markedly noticed in this investigation. Results also confirmed the ability of PGPRs in suppressing the effect of pathogenic bacteria like Salmonellasp and E.coli. These abilities are of great importance in terms of plant and soil health. Consequently, the role of PGPRs bacteria associated with plant rhizosphere in remediation of water and soil contaminations due to its biochemical activity and thus, stimulate plant growth is a great important subject in phytoremediation process nowadays.

This study aimed to evaluate seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality for two cultivars of Chenopodium quinoa under high saline soil conditions (ECe 22 dSm-1) in Egyptian Northeastern coast. Responses to salinity were greatly differed between the two cultivars. The Peruvian cultivar CICA produced seed yield significantly higher than Bolivian cultivar Real. CICA cultivar also showed significant high performances for most of morphological traits. Among the 10 morphological traits, leaves dry weight, shoot fresh weight and leaves fresh weight showed significant positive association with seed yield. No significant difference has been found between both cultivars for most seed quality traits except for the concentration of crude protein and crude fiber in seeds were significantly higher in CICA cultivar. Although CICA cultivar exhibited significantly higher sodium concentration in the leaves than that found in the leaves of Real cultivar, but it was much more efficient in restricting sodium uploading into seed. These results revealed that the Peruvian cultivar CICA seems to be adaptable and more suited to dry-saline soil in Northeastern coastal region of Egypt, as it gave considerable high seed yield with better quality in terms of high protein and fiber percentage and low Na concentration in seeds.

This study was carried out at the nursery of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shames University during two seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of sowing medium and fertilization rates on vegetative growth and chemical composition of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings. Three different sowing media were used i.e., S M1= perlite: peat moss: compost (1:1:1), SM2 = perlite: peat moss: compost (1:2:1) and SM3 = perlite: peat moss: compost (1:1:2) (v/v). Also, four fertilization rates were used as follow: without fertilizer (control), 5, 10 and 15 g /plant of hydrocomplex fertilizer .The following data were recorded, stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of leaves / plant, leaf area (cm2) and total fresh and dry biomass (gm). Moreover, chlorophyll a & b leaves contents (mg/g FW.), total carbohydrate content (mg/g DW), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in leaves (% D.W.) were determined. Regarding the effect of sowing medium, the obtained results showed that, using sowing medium which content the highest percentage of compost (1:1:2) significantly increased stem length, stem diameter, number of leaves/ plant, leaf area, total fresh and dry biomass, total carbohydrate content and potassium leaves content in comparison the other growing medium while, the differences were insignificant in chlorophyll a & b, nitrogen and phosphorus leaves content. Concerning the effect of fertilization rates, using fertilization at the rate of 15g/plant caused significantly increased stem length, stem diameter , number of leaves / plant, leaf area, total fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll a & b content, total carbohydrate  content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaves content in comparison the other fertilization rates with the exception of leaf area, chlorophyll  a , phosphorus  and  potassium leaves content at the rate of 10g/plant in the second seasons only. As for the interaction between sowing medium and fertilization rates, In general, application of growing medium which contain thehigh ratio of compost (1:1:2) was superior in all  tested characteristics followed by which contain the high ratio of peat moss (1:2:1)at 15 gm fertilizationas compared to the other treatments.

ones are the most dominant in the new reclaimed areas in Egypt. The main production constraints of this type  of  soil  are  low in organic carbon,  porosity,  stable aggregates, water retention capacity, and biological  activities. Agriculture soil should have not only a good structure but also a good structure which can persist for a long time (e.g., a structure of high quality and stability). Soil aggregates are structural units of soil, which create complex pore systems controlling gas and water storage and fluxes in soil. Formation and stability of natural soil aggregates are affected by dozens of different factors and their individual effects are hardly distinguishable. Therefore, to observe more clear the mechanisms governing their water and mechanical stability, it was found necessary to  study soil  aggregates. In that sence, some studies showed encouraging findings of increasing soil stable aggregates due to using different soil conditioners. The objective of this work is to assess some extracellular polysaccharides biopolymers, i.e., Dextran, Alginate, Xanthan, Pullulan, and Curdlan, which were produced in our laboratory under the most suitable production conditions, to test their effects on the physical proprerties of soil taken   from Toshka region at Aswan Governorate of Egypt. Data showed that soil porosity and MWDwet values have significant differences between all treatments and control under un-leaching processes. On the Other hand, in leaching processes, significant differences between all treatments and control were observed except in some treatments that using lower ratios of Pullulan and Curdlan biopolymers (i. e. 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%). Generally, the beneficial order of enhancement of aggregate stability was obtained with Dextran, followed by Alginate, Xanthan, Pullulan, and Curdlan.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of corn silk powder addition to   chicks diets containing poultry slaughter houses by- products (SH). A total number of 120 chicks were divided into five experimental groups of 24 chicks each in three replicates of 8 chicks. The first group was fed the basal control diet, the second and third groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3 and 6% of SH, while the fourth group was fed the basal diet supplied with 6% SH plus 1.5% corn silk powder (CSP) and the fifth group was fed the basal diet with 1.5% corn silk powder. Live body weight and some blood parameters were recorded. Liver sections were examined to detect any histopathological signs of hepatic damage. Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in CSP treatment groups compared with the control un - supplemented group. The level of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) were significantly increased in the SH–fed   chicken especially for those fed the 6% SH– supplemented diet, but the SP addition improved these parameters. Blood urea and creatinine were not significantly affected by different treatments. Live body weight and body weight gain were significantly increased as a result of CSP addition to diets. Dietary inclusion of 6% SH by-products caused deleterious effects on liver histology including disruption in the arrangement of hepatocytes, dilation of the portal vein accompanied by the presence of many necrotic and cirrhotic areas, but CSP addition to chicken diet enhances liver histological structure. It is concluded that CSP addition to broiler chicks diet could improve the productive performance of chicks and protect their organs from the deleterious effect of by – products SH contamination.

Acute renal failure (ARF) was induced by glycerol or paracetamol in experimental rats to evaluate the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. through different blood biochemical assays and hematological analyses. Results revealed presence of significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of urea, creatinine, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-) and blood acidity (H+), and significant (P<0.05) decreases in the levels of calcium (Ca+2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the rats treated only with glycerol or paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. These results indicated that glycerol or paracetamol caused ARF in these groups of rats whereas the blood analyses illustrated ARF symptoms such as increasing of urea and creatinine, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, blood acidosis and anemia occurring in the positive control groups.  The blood analyses also illustrated recovery of these symptoms in the treated rats with gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. in drinking water (10% w/v) for 30 days. This indicated the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. against ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol as evidenced by restoring the kidney function tests such as urea, creatinine, blood electrolytes and other parameters like serum glucose, proteins and hematological indices to their normal values during the experiment period. The therapeutic effects of both plants against ARF may be due to their antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activity.

The Arab world extends between the Arabian Gulf to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Arab World includes many environmental regions with different climates. The expansion of cultivated area of legumes in the Arab world is of great importance. The establishment of specialization in production is one of the most important things in the formation of a unified Arab bloc. It helps to integrate countries through the need of one country to other countries, which excelled in the production of certain goods through creativity in production and minimizing production costs to the lowest level. The Arab countries were divided regionally into the Arab Eastern Region, the Middle Region, the Arab Western Region. Some legume crops and winter and summer cereals have been studied. The problem of the study is the low area and production of legume crops at the level of the Arab world. The main reason for the decrease in the area cultivated with legume crops is the expansion of cereals crops cultivation compared to the legume crops. The study aims at the possibility of the agricultural specialization in the field of legume production and determining its success in the Arab world by measuring the effect of specialization on increasing the area, production, and reducing the production costs of legume crops, which in turn leads to the possibility of increasing the integration between the Arab countries to form a united Arab bloc to confront other economic blocs. The study focused on the possibility of production specialization of legume crops according to the principle of comparative advantage through specialization in some legume crops by expanding their area within the cereals area using published data such as FAO statistics, Arabic Organization for agriculture Development (AOAD) statistics, and websites. The study reached several results, including: In the Arab Eastern Region, it is better for Jordan to include the area of barley to green beans, increasing its production from 12.80 to 737.36 thousand tons, achieving a huge production boom that will lead to specialization in its production. Lebanon is characterized by the cultivation of lupins and can expand its area of wheat or the area of barley to increase its production, giving him the advantage to specialize in it. Yemen can expand the area of chick peas from the area of wheat or barley to increase its production when their areas added to chick peas, giving a distinction to Yemen to specialize in it. It is better for Yemen to include the area of sorghum to the area of dry beans, which leads to specialization in it. The results of the Middle Region showed that Egypt would prefer to specialize in the production of green beans by expanding it in the area of barley according to the principle of comparative advantage. Egypt is estimated to be unable to specialize in summer legumes. If Sudan plans to expand the chickpeas by adding wheat area to it, its production will increase, leading to specialization in its production. It is best to include the area of rice to the area of dry beans. The results of the Arab Western Region showed that Tunisia and Morocco cannot specialize in the production of winter legumes crops by expanding their area cultivated by adding the area of cereals to them. For summer crops, it is better for Morocco to expand soybean area by adding maize area to it. The results of Algeria pointed to the possibilities of expanding the cultivation of broad beans by adding the area of barley, which drives Algeria to specialize in it. It is better for Algeria to benefit from the relative advantage of specialization to expand the area cultivated with dry beans instead of rice to save water.   We can make several recommendations from this study, which may be the most important   The possibility of agricultural specialization in the production of some leguminous crops with high comparative advantages and expansion of their area at the expense of narrowing the cultivated area of some cereals crops by studying all the economic conditions surrounding their production and consumption. The importance of activating and increasing the effectiveness of the Arab specialization in the field of raising the production of legume crops, which is an appropriate input for the Arab agricultural economic integration among the Arab countries in the field of legume production.   Division of the Arab countries into regions to form the nucleus for the establishment of a united Arab economic bloc and push towards a joint Arab agricultural strategy aimed at improving the Arab economy and preserving the interests of Arab countries in the global blocs.

The wheat crop in Egypt is a major source of food for a large population. There is a deficit in bridging the food gap. Egypt imports wheat with its domestic production. Egypt currently suffers from 50% self-sufficiency in wheat. The Port Said Governorate is considered one of the governorates of Egypt in which the Peace Canal contributes to the increase of land and Egypt from the wheat importing countries, which means that the economics of this crop have not been expanded in Zarattha in such a way that makes a significant contribution to filling the deficit and achieving self-sufficiency rates. The study aims to study the general time trends of the main changes associated with the estimation of the supply response of the wheat crop, which includes both the cultivated area of the crop, the agricultural price and the net yield of the crop. It also aims to identify the most important changes affecting the cultivated area, In agriculture The study was based on data from the Department of Agricultural Statistics in the Directorate of Agriculture in Port Said Governorate and the Agricultural Statistics Bulletin issued by the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics and some researches related to the subject of the study. The study used some descriptive and quantitative statistical methods such as simple regression method and multiple regression method to estimate the supply response functions of wheat yield in Port Said Governorate in the linear image. The results of the study on estimating general time equations for some of the economic indicators related to estimating the supply response of wheat yield during the period 2000-2016 in the cultivated area, the agricultural price and the net yield of the studied crop showed that there is an increasing general trend In both cultivated area and farm price and net return, 727, 24.82, 288.18 respectively and the significance of the model was established at the level of 0.05. What is for the results of the restoration of the supply of accounting? The study of the full linear model was overseen by the models for the response of the wheat yield in Port Said Governorate where it is clear from the full linear model that includes all the explanatory variables referred to that the model is significant. It is worth mentioning the significance of all the variables studied, (T-1), T-1 wheat price, T-1 wheat net yield (T-1), T-1 net, yield formula from wheat to clover (T-1) ), The stability of price policies, and the percentage of wheat / rice yield (T-1) 1% of the changes occurring in the area cultivated with wheat to the previous factors of the Immunization Heif order . As shown in the previous equation, there is a positive relationship between six factors and area cultivated wheat in the year, meaning that the increase of cultivated area of the year following the cultivation by 50 acres. The increase in the agricultural price was an incentive for farmers to increase the cultivated area of the crop studied in the year The net yield from wheat may lead to an increase in the cultivated area by 3.54 feddans, and the price ratio between the wheat crop / barley crop in the previous year was estimated at an area of about 91.56 feddans and the net yield from wheat to barley. Cultivated by 26848 feddans, a factor of inverse relation with the cultivated area of agricultural engineering, this factor may lead to a decrease in the cultivated area of wheat 8282.2 feddans on the cultivated area in the wheat province of Port Said Governorate. The elasticity of the supply response to the variable of crop area (X1) in the previous year, agriculture price (X2) in the previous year, (X4) net weight/ net wheat/barley yield in the previous year and (X6) previous 0.65, 2.8, 1.7, 1.58, respectively. If there is a change in the capacity of 1% in the area cultivated with wheat there is a change in the area cultivated in the previous year by 0.65%, and there is a change in the previous years farm price increased by 2.8% and wheat net/net barley yield has change by 1.7% and the wheat/ barley price ratio has change by 1.58%, respectively. The results showed that the model for the wheat yield response were the logarithmic model. This is evident from the value of (F) (R2).