Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results.  The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar  beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.

Chlorella vulgaris belonging to Chlorophyta and Nannochloropsis  oculata belonging to Chrythophytawere used in the currentstudy to evaluate whether their successive indoor growth using industrial food waste (okara) as a growth medium enriched with organic carbon and nitrogenThe basic nutrient solutions were BG-II for Chlorella, while F2 was used for Nannochloropsis growth. Okara was used in four concentrations ( 25 , 50 , 75 and 100% )  verses to control and based on its initial nitrogen content. Original waste was diluted by 4 fold of tape water prior inoculation. The investigated parameters were dry weigh (g.l-1); total chlorophyll (mg.l-1) and total carotenoids (mg.l-1). Maximum dry weight of Chlorella was obtained with 25% of okara waste. As for Nannochloropsis, a slight increase was observed with all okara concentrations used. Lower okara concentration (25%) enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by Chlorella vulgaris, while higher concentration (100%) reached the maximum with Nannochloropsis oculata. Completely opposite pattern was observed with total carotene.

The research aimed at studying current situation improvement for grain crops production to meet international and domestic demand needs regularly with stable prices and standard specification, through analysis and assessment Egyptian price policy for crops subject of study, using policy agricultural analysis matrix, partial equilibrium  model, measuring the impact of government interference on producers, consumers, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of implementing specific policy, and the impact of this on input and output utilizing efficiency, and on economic welfare on society and government revenue for those crops. The study indicates that, from calculating nominal protection coefficient, there was implicit subsidy for producers in the first period (2008-2010). In the second period (2011-2013) the subsidy decreased, taxes are imposed, and there was implicit taxes in the form of negative protection against producers and decrease in the consumer's subsidy proportion. As a result of studying domestic resource cost for the study crops, it showed that, the value of coefficient less than one to rice, wheat, and maize. Which indicate to the ability of the current economy to save foreign currency through domestic production, which reflect competitive efficiency in rice international market. The study also indicates the excessive in government revenue at the second period for all study crops, meanwhile there was deficit in the foreign exchange for wheat and maize, this is due to the decreasing in the domestic supply and the increasing in domestic consumption in light of low domestic price relative to international price. While there has been a decline in foreign exchange loss for rice in second period to first period reached about 45% because of the closeness between domestic prices and international prices. The loss in producers surplus for wheat and maize increased because of increasing in cost to returns, meanwhile it showed a decrease in producer net loss in the second period to the first period 12% approximately for rice because of farm price increase to reach the international price, also consumer surplus obtained advantages in all study crops in the tow period of the study. The study showed that, impact of net economic loss was negative at the tow period of the study for wheat and maize with a decreasing rate reached about 43% for wheat and 55%for maize, in contrast the net economic loss was positive for rice with decreasing rate reached about 62% in the first period. The research concluded with the following recommendations: -       Implementing fair price policy in it domestic price relative to international price for the study crops. -       Reduction direct and indirect taxes imposed on producers in ratio of 6% for wheat and maize crops and with 7% for rice. -       Subsidy imported and essential goods producers to diminishing consumers and producers net loss, to diminishing producers' burdens borne, and to provide foreign exchange to the stat. The need to provide economical and political stable atmosphere to the success of developing and prices policies in developing countries.

This investigation was conducted for two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) in a private vineyard located at 64 Km of Cairo-Alexandria desert road to study the possibility of using organic products to reduce powdery mildew, which it is reflect in reducing yield and fruit quality of King Ruby grapevines. The chosen vines were ten-years-old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 1.5 X 3.0 meters apart and irrigated by the drip irrigation system, trained to bilateral cordon with spur pruning, and trellised by the "Y" shape system. The vines were pruned during the last week of January with bud load of (60buds/vine). Application of different biocontrol agents Trichoderma harziamum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis as well as blight stop a commercial biocide which contains different isolates of Trichoderma forms in Arabic gum and potassium soap) were obtained kindly from central lab. of organic agriculture, ARC. Giza, in an attempt reduces powdery mildew of the plants. The results showed that all vital bioagents treatments significantly were reduced the powdery mildew disease compared with micron sulphur and control in both season. However, spraying mixture of Trichoderma harziamum + Trichoderma viride and blight stop gave the least disease incidence and severity which it is reflect to increase yield, achieve the best physical characteristics of bunches as well as improving the physical and chemical properties of berries.

The present study aimed at identifying the degree of implementation of rural women to set technical recommendations related to health practices, determining of the relationship between the degree of implementation of the respondents to a set of recommendations for health practices and between independent variables studied, as well as to identifying the most important factors affecting the implementation of the respondents to these practices.                 To achieve the objectives of the study were selected village Hallaba and Kafr El-sabeel (famous as the village Hallaba) in Qalioub district of Qaliubiya as an area of geographic study, was chosen as a random sample howswives of the village, has reached the study sample strength (112) Researched represent 5% of the total number of housewives the families of the village, which arrived appreciation for the year 2014 (2236) family, has a questionnaire has been compiled against included many questions of like measure degree of the mothers for following of head of the household sample study of a group of technical recommendations for some rural family practices of health-related design (dependent variable), including the respect of the independent variables under study, it has lasted the test period the initial form of the questionnaire and field data collection nearly three months (April, May, June) 2015. And the current study used analytical approach through the use of a set of statistical methods in the field of data analysis, and consistent with the nature of this data, these methods have ranged from the beginning of the term, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation, multiple linear regression analysis. Results of statistical analysis has shown that the vast majority (83%) of heads of household were women with an executive level low and middle between the recommendations of some health practices, which refers to their need for more knowledge and change their behavior Altiv to those recommendations, and the results indicated the presence of correlation found between the degree of relationship implementation of the study sample and independent variables private sources to obtain the following health information: View health programs and health practices, the importance of health programs, TV, health unit, as variables shares (television, the importance of health programs) in the interpretation of contrast kidneys to the point of implementation of health practices by 52.4%, There is also a correlation found between the degree of implementation of the study sample the following personal, social and economic independent variables: the customs and traditions and folk legacies health practices, external openness relationship, the age of the surveyed, the economic level, as all of those four variables contributed by 72.1% in the interpretation of contrast kidneys to the point of implementation of health practices.

Concentration of heavy metals (Pb-Cd-Cr) was determined, that’s most polluted environment and rivers in fourteen varieties of vegetables throughout two growing seasons (2013-2014  &2014-2015), belonging to the three groups of vegetables (leaves and tuber and fruits), and using atomic absorption device, where the samples were collected from six different locations in Hama, and close to the course of the Orontes River, which vary different in irrigation operations and source of irrigation water.   Results of this study showed that no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the types of vegetable groups in the content of heavy elements at each locations seposatly. But it clearly showed the presence of very high significant differences (P <0.0001) in the contents of vegetables from heavy elements collected from sites, this effect is due to irrigation water. Also, the average concentration of cadmium was higher than the global natural concentrations in accordance with similar studies, the average lead, and chromium were lower than the averages of similar vegetables from other countries.

Milk is considered as a rich food source since it contains essential nutrients which are necessary for natural and biological impact, and no other food items can be compared with milk which has high nutritional value and plays an important role in building and strengthening the bones of children and prevention of elderly osteoporosis. Calcium in milk plays an important role in reducing the rate of absorption of cholesterol and controlling body weight and blood pressure. Milk contains the basic components that consist of lipid, proteins, sugars and mineral salts in addition to a range of vitamins and enzymes. Results of researches indicate that amino acids structure in the camel milk is similar to the structure of insulin, and contains many amino acids such as Methionine, Phenylalanine:, Arginine, Lysine, Valine and contains high concentration of Albumin and Globulin.   The most important characteristic of camel’s milk compared to the other dairy animals is that it contains natural protein compounds such as anti-poising bacteria, anti-lysozyme and anticoagulants. In addition, camel’s milk retains its quality and strength for 12 days at 4ºC, and more than 48 hours at room temperature because it contains substances that reducing the fermented bacteria activity of lactose sugar, it is noted that the reduction of the acidity rate of camel’s milk. Arabian’s used camel milk as a medicine of many diseases such as anemia, tuberculosis, diseases of aging, fragile bones and rickets in children. Camel’s milk is also used as a laxative. It has a role in the treatment of influenza, fever, hepatitis C, the dropsy and respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and asthma as well as digestive diseases besides lowering the level of blood sugar and regulating heartbeat.   The goal of the research is to   1. Identify the benefits of camel milk and comfort active compounds vital vitamins and minerals. 2. Highlight the main role of biologically active compounds to improve and stimulate the immune system.

The interaction of pulsing in preservatives, growth regulators and cold storage on vase life and quality of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cut flowers was investigated. Chrysanthemum cut flowers were treated with benzyl adenine (BA), silver nitrate (AgNO3), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then were placed in cold storage at 5ºC for periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Vase life, fresh weight, total chlorophyll and total carbohydrate were determined. Cold storage for one week and pulsing with BA and AgNO3 showed longest vase life, the lowest chlorophyll decrease and highest total carbohydrate content.

The objective of this research is to estimate price (direct and cross) and expenditure elasticities for major food commodities in Egypt. The food commodities are divided into six sub-models depending on the homogeneity within each group of commodities and the data availability quantities consumed and the corresponding retail prices for each individual item. Some commodities are aggregated in groups such as other beans, other vegetables, fruits(1), fruits(2) and oils.  The Linear Almost  Ideal  Demand  System  (LAIDS)  model  is  applied  in  estimating  a  system  of demand equations for each group of food commodities. To avoid the invalid inference and spurious regression problems that may be created by non-stationary data series, the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMLS) estimator is utilized.  The demand parameters satisfy the Engel aggregation, cournot aggregation, homogeneity and symmetry conditions.  The results indicate that expenditure elasticities of the majority of food commodities/groups are less than the unity except fot the fruits2 (1.110), indicating necessity effects. This can be also interpreted as following the increasing of consumptions of these commodities is strongly connected with increasing of all income levels. The results also show that the own price elasticities for food commodities/groups are inelastic. For fruits 2, its inelastic own price elasticity still indicates that it tends to be very sensitive to price changes. The relative high cross price elasticities in all sub-models illustrate the strong substitute or complementary effects of the price change of one commodity one quantities consumed from other commodities in the same sub-models. Therefore, structural implications from the estimated elasticities are important. The estimated own and cross price and expenditure elasticities must be analyzed during the economic reform for better understanding all economic changes affecting prices as well as consumption and expenditures.

Elwady Elgedid considered as a promising Governorate in the field of sustainable agricultural development. This research aims to identify the current situation of agricultural plant production, crop composition, as well as crop yield, Agricultural Animal Production and the change in the number of cattle. The future prospects of agricultural production are also estimated. Proposals and recommendations on how to exploit the available optimum utilization of agricultural resources are also stated. The results showed that the average crop area, the value of agricultural production, the agricultural income and agricultural employment of Elwady Elgedid Governorate represents about 1.3%, 0.4%, 0.05%, 0.12% 0.12%, of the total crop area, agricultural production value, the value of production inputs, agricultural income value, the number of agricultural workers of the Republic. Results also showed that wheat crop area and ​​production represents about 1.9% 1.5% of the area and production of wheat crop in the Republic. The area and production of faba bean crop represents about 4.9% to 4.3% of the area and ​​production of faba bean crop in the Republic. The area and production of the winter tomato crop represents about 1.4% 1.8% of the area and production of the winter tomato crop in the Republic. While the area and production of alfalfa represents about 65.8%, 65.8% of the area and the production of alfalfa in the Republic as an average of the period, while the area and the production of sesame crop represents about 0.49%, 0.36% of the area and production of sesame crop in the Republic as an average of the period. The area and production of maize represent around 0.34%, 0.07% of the area and production of maize crop in the Republic as an average of the period. For Animal Production, numbers of cattle buffalo, sheep, goats, camels, representing about 2.6%, 1.3%, 0.97%, respectively of the total number in the Republic. By studying the expectation of future agricultural production in Elwady Elgedid Governorate years 2015, 2016 and 2017 showed the following: The crop area, agricultural production, agricultural production inputs, agricultural income and agricultural workers will increase with an increase estimated at 1.05%, 3.1%, 3.3%, 3.5%, 0.07% respectively out of 2014, and the area of wheat, bean and alfalfa, will increase by 2.1%, 70.8%, 0.09% Respectively from 2014, while summer sesame area will fall by 55.2% from 2014. The expectation for the future productivity of bean, and winter tomatoes will rise by 5.7%, 14.9% respectively from 2014, while the maize, summer sesame and alfalfa production will drop by 0.3%, 5.9%, and 5.2% from 2014. Forecasting the future of summer bean production will rise by 44.5% from 2014, while summer sesame, tomato and alfalfa production will fall by 70.13%, 1.4%, 5.3 respectively out of 2014.While forecasting the future number of, sheep, goats will rise by 0.55%, 0.06% respectively while the number of cows, buffalo, and camels will go down by 1.9%, 9.1%,1.3% from 2014. The research recommends dissemination crops appropriate to soil conditions and the environment in all varieties preservation area, and creates herd's nucleus for each of goats, cows and sheep, in the form of model farms.