Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds cv. Misr 1  were treated with Bion (5 mM), salicylic acid (5 mM) as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma harzianum as biotic inducers to study their effect on the infection with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani f. sp. fabae under greenhouse and field conditions.           Under greenhouse conditions (Agricultural Research Centre, Giza) all treatments induced reduction in the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping off caused by R. solani or F. solani f. sp. fabae compared to untreated control. The highest percentage of survived plants was achieved from the inducer Bion (92 % and 88%) compared with untreated control (40% and 36%) in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp. fabae respectively. Meantime, there was no significant difference between the Bion and the fungicide Rizolex –T (3 g/Kg seeds) treatments. However, all treatments caused significant increase in the figures of plant height, shoot and root dry weight, nodules number/plant and nodules dry weight over the control treatment grown in infested soil by R. solani or by F. solani f. sp.  fabae. The highest values of all growth parameters under study were recorded on faba bean plants check (healthy plants) grown in disinfested soil followed by Bion and Rizolex –T treatments in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp.  fabae. There was no significant difference between Bion and Rizolex-T treatments with exception of nodules number and nodules dry weight /plant in the presence of R. solani. On the contrary, there was significant difference between Bion and Rizolex-T treatments with exception of plant height in the presence of F. solani f. sp.  fabae.           Under field conditions at Giza (Giza Governorate) and Etay El-Baroud (El- Behira Governorate) Agricultural Research Stations during winter season 2013-2014, all the treatments significantly decreased the percentage of pre- and post-emergence damping-off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with untreated control in two locations with exception of post-emergence percentage figures at Giza Agricultural Research Station. Regarding survived plants, there were no significant differences between the Bion (89.5% and 86.5%) as well as Rizolex-T (90.9% and 88.8%) treatments compared with untreated control (68.3% and 64.3%) at Giza and Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Stations respectively. However, all inducer treatments significantly improved growth parameters (i.e. plant height, number of pods/plant, seed weight /plant and one hundred seed weight) as well as yield compared to the untreated control in the two locations. Higher increase in seed yield (ton /feddan) was obtained with Rizolex-T and Bion treatments (62.2% and 57.9%) respectively, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa with (39.4% and 28.4 %) respectively, increasing over the untreated control calculated as means of the two locations.         Activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and phenol content were determined in faba bean plants treated with different inducers. Bion treatment showed the highest increase in PO and PPO activity, total and free phenols followed by salicylic acid treatment in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp.  fabae.

The research aimd to identify changes of food expenditure patterns among Saudis and resident foreigners in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, by estimating expenditure functions for both the Saudis and resident foreigners, and estimate expenditure elasticity and marginal propensity to expend for household of major food groups. The study relied on cross-sectional data from the family budget survey conducted in Kingdom. Quantitative analysis and statistical tests were utilized. Means and indexes number, simple regression in linear and double logarithmic form for estimating expenditure food functions, in addition to the test of  homogeneity of regression using chow test. The results of the study  showed that the average monthly expenditure for Saudi household on miscellaneous goods and personal services as agroup, housing, water, electricity, fuel as asecond groups, food and drinks as athird groups, respectively 21.2 % , 20.7 % , 16.9 % of total expenditure. this classification differed for resident foreigners were the top three ranked expenditure groups were the housing, water, electricity, gas and fuel as one group, food and drinks as asecond groups, the miscellaneous goods and personal services as athird groups, respectively 21.8 %, 20.1% , 14.7% of total expenditure . The results of the study also showed that the Saudis are more flexible than resident foreigners in expenditure on food and drinks in general, where the consumption expenditure elasticity on food and drinks for Saudis was equal to 0.70, which was bigger than that for foreigners 0.61, yet the situation varied between commodities. The first group included the food commodities with consumption expenditure functions that were homogenous for Saudis and foreigners. These commodities were Fish and seafood, milk and milk products, eggs, sugar, jam, honey, food products are not classified, and coffee, tea and cocoa. Expenditure elasticity has been estimated was equal 0.85, 0.77, 0.78, 0.95, and 0.89, respectively. As for the food groups that expenditure pattern differs between Saudis and foreigners, this group included the food commodities with consumption bread and cereals, meat and poultry, adible oils and fats, pulses, fruits, vegetables, mineral water , soft drinks and juices, for Saudis was 0.50, 0.65, 0.62, 0.77, 0.78, 0.90, respectively. While for foreigners amounted to 0.29, 0.35, 0.51, 0.64, 0.56, 0.70, respectively, all of which are less than one, which indicates that demand for these food groups, is inelastic demand i.e. necessary good.

This research study was carried out in the open field during the two successive seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The aim of this investigation was to study the response of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) to different application methods and concentrations of seaweed extracts applied as a commercial compound. Seven treatments were initiated, i.e. three concentrations of seaweed extracts (500, 1000, 1500) were used either as foliar spray or as soil drench in addition to the control treatment (tap water). Results indicated that foliar spray with 1500 ppm of seaweed extract increased significantly plant height, number of flowers per plant and vase life in the two tested seasons. However, foliar spray with the lowest concentration of seaweed extract (500 ppm) resulted in significant increments in flower stalk length, flower diameter and carbohydrates content. Moreover, the same concentration showed significant increases in total carotenoids, nitrogen, and phosphorus percentage when used as soil drench in the two tested seasons.

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of some agricultural and chemical treatments on two serious insects i.e. leaf miner, Tuta asoluta (Meyrick), and the cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) that infest tomato plants, as well as the influence on the growth, fruit yield and its quality  were evaluated. The trail was carried out in a sandy soil at Amoun Agricultural Association, Eltal El Kabier, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during two autumn seasons of 2013 and 2014. The experiment included 7 treatments as follows: covering tomato plants with agryl, white and green net as a row covering tunnels, dusting with Sulfur (repellent the insect) as the safety material for human and environmental comparing chemical pesticides i.e. Actara using it as foliar spraying or soil drench and untreated control. The results showed that the all treatments induced significant positive impact for all infest status which reduced the incidence of the two serious insects’ i.e. T. asoluta and B. tabaci on tomato plants than the control treatment during the first and second seasons. Data also showed that the all treatments were infested by tomato leaf miner (eggs and larvae stage) with low numbers of eggs under the tested conditions during the two seasons except of covering with Agryl, white net and green net which were free from any tomato leaf miner. In addition, soil treatment (soil drench) application was the most potent treatment in protecting tomato plants from the whitefly immature stages, but the lowest percentage of plants exhibiting virus symptoms (TYLCV) recorded  by covering with white net treatment compared with untreated (control) during the two tested seasons. Concerning the effect of using some agricultural and the chemical treatments on horticultural characters of tomato plant, the obtained results indicated positive effect on the all studied parameter of tomato i.e. vegetative growth characters, physical and chemical fruit characters, flowering characteristics and yield components during the two seasons. The data showed that the rows covering with white net was the best potent treatment safety treatment for human healthy followed by foliar spraying with Actara 25% WG (Thiamethoxam) 20g./100 of water as chemical treatment on yield, which recorded  (41.7 and 43.2), (30.32 and 32.13) tons per feddan during the first and second seasons respectively compared with other treatments. Moreover the covering with white net also recoded the first ranking in economic study which recoded the best value (34200 and 35700) Egyptian pound on total income without addition the cost of agriculture practices during the first and second seasons respectively. For that it can recommend by covering tomato plants with white net followed by covering with agryl especially at heavy infection seasons with the serious insects as T. asoluta and B. tabaci for producing high tomato yield with best quality, in addition safety human health and environment without using pesticide.

The research to identify the impact of the training program held at the Desert Research Center en titled" hydroponics" ((Agriculture roofs) to change the level of knowledge of the trainees related to agriculture, water (Agriculture roofs), and to identify trainees in the program, and the most important problems faced by the trainees during the training , in addition compare what was actually gained and what to is expected , therefore  it may be able to develop a proposal for a training program for the Agriculture roofs a questionnaire is made before and after the participants attending program held by the Desert Research Center among a large number of projects implemented by different bodies totally training programs thirty two  trainees  attending training it for four hours a day over consecutive days two (19 - 20) in January 2014.   Frequencies, Proportion, will cocoons test,   used to data analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is a change in the level of knowledge of the trainees with regard to agriculture, (the Agriculture roofs) compare with then prior the number of trainees knowledge has increased from 18%to 59.3% after attending the program. In general the notice of trainees attending to the program has in creased to almost 53%.  Problems faced the trainees were that they were not able to visits agriculture roofs models and training on such system. This my help to comp air then knowledge before on often attending the program , the program used depends on theoretical, CDs and not used posters, demonstration of practical viewing and , posters or clarify the practical displays the results, clarification of practical experience , participation of trainees,  thus other important issue uses such as cultivation methods, diseases and actual costs wear not available  to trainees finally the program has evaluated the knowledge of trainees at the end of program whit out refining to then knowledge at the beginning the program.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Fayoum, Cario University at Dalla, Fayoum Governorate during the two seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of organic manure and number of berseem cuts on cotton yield and its components and fiber traits. The obtained results indicate that only plant height at harvest, number of fruiting branches / plant and the height of the 1st fruiting branch were significantly affected by organic manure (O.M.) application. On the other hand, organic manure did not affect significantly the seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Cotton planting dates affected significantly all studied vegetative growth, seed cotton yield, yield components and fiber quality traits. Early planting date (1st week of March) showed significant superiority over the other two planting dates (1st week of April & May) in number of fruiting branches/ plant, number of days to 1st flower appearance and 1st boll opening, number and weight of open bolls/ plant in the 1st& 2nd pickings, seed cotton yield, lint percentages and studied fiber quality traits. The decreases in the total seed cotton yield attributed to the late planting dates (1st week of April & May) amounted 26.4 and 84.8% and 30.6 and 84.1% of  March planting with the treatments of 10 and 20 m3/ fad organic manure, respectively.

Two field experiments were carried out during two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the effect of using three irrigation intervals (7, 15 or 21 day) and five treatments of water absorbent substrates as adding to soil before transplanting ,i.e. (without substrates (control), SAP at 15 kg/fed., SAP at 20 kg/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and compost at 10t/fed.) on sweet  pepper plants c.v. Mohanad and the effect of that on growth, yield, physical and chemical characters of sweet  pepper fruits. The results indicated that, the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components were registered by the treatment of 7 days or 15 day irrigation intervals. Concerning of using water absorbent substrates, it was found that, pepper plants grown in the soil fertilized at 10 t/fed. or treated with super absorbent polymer (SAP) 20 kg/fed., respectively gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components.It is obvious that the plants fertilized at 10 t/fed. and irrigated every 7 days gave the highest values of fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh fruit weight and total yield. While, plants treated with SAP at 20 kg/fed. and irrigated every 15 day gave the highest values of fruit diameter and fresh fruit weight, but the differences did not reach to significance level for fruit length and early yield in both growing seasons. On the other hand, compost at 10 t/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and SAP at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 21 day were the best treatments for yield and yield components of pepper plants. Generally, it can recommend by using compost at 5 t/fed., or super absorbent polymer (SAP) at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 15 days and this mean that increased the irrigation period without any injury or statistical effect on the fruit crop to obtain high pepper fruit yield  with height quality and height net income to the growers.

The recent study aims to: identify the degree of knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers, in addition, identifying the sources of knowledge of the farmers on the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied and knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers degree and to identify the most important problems facing the respondents in study area.           The study was conducted in Qalioubia governorate.                                                                       Data were collected through the personal interview with asystemtic random sample of 350 far- mers in Qalioubia governorate using aquestionnaire. Frequencies, percentages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data.                 The most important findings were: 50.6% of the respondents had alow level knowledge. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01% level between the area of agricultural holdings, and the degree of attiude towerds agricultural extension, and the degree of attiude towerds inovations. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the degree of leader ship and the degree of awareness of demage excessive use of pesticides, and the knowledge of the respondents level using pesticides and chemical fertilizers. There were non significant correlations between dependent variable and: age and the respondent's education level and the degree of social participation.

This research amid at studying the most important productivity and economic indicators for maize crop in the reclaimed during the period (2001- 2012), the geographical distribution of areas, productivity and production of maize in the reclaimed, the most important production problems facing farmers of maize in the reclaimed and suggestions of producers to solve them, identify the most important factors affecting maize production crop and estimate the cost function with determining the minimization of costs that achieve the highest productivity of maize crop were also made the study is based on random field sample with a size of 110 farmers from county of Al-Dakhla, Al-khrga, Farafra, Paris, Balat of New Valley Governorate during 2014 year . When estimating size of productivity per feddan for maize crop which may minimizes   productivity costs to the lowest level in the New Valley Governorate, it was showed    that this size is estimated at 2.04 tons/feddan in the season of  2014. The number of farmers who have reached this volume of production amounted to 20 farmers of the total sample size of 110 farmers with ratio of 18.18%. The study showed that most important quantitative variables affecting average production per feddan of maize crop in the New Valley Governorate using stepwise multiple regression procedure were the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, amount of phosphate fertilizers, number of workers as there was significant correlation between independent variables and the dependent variable. These three factors explain about 82 % of the total influencing factors affecting the production of the crop. So, the study recommends focusing on nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers due to the nature of the soil. The study recommends that price fertilizer may be decreased, provision of fertilizers in cultivating areas to avoid transportation costs, The need to provide specialized technical labor by the State and public agencies on training skilled technical labor, and support agricultural production and reduce agricultural machinery prices all these chains shall lead to reduce Egypt's imports of maize needed to develop   livestock sector and to reduce the burden of foreign currencies.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of solar UV radiation on defensive enzymes activities in lettuce seedlings. Seeds of lettuce were grown in high tunnels for 35 days, exposed to three different levels of solar UV, created by using three different types of plastic films. Each plastic film transmits different levels of solar UV (0% in UV-B, 4% in UV-L and 83% in UV-T). The obtained results indicated that solar UV radiation has led to significant decrease in seedling fresh weight. UV-B treatment resulted the highest shoot and root length while UV-T treatments exhibited the highest shoot: root ratio. Solar UV radiations have no effect on peroxidase activity in shoots. While ascorbate peroxidase was activated and catalase was inhibited in shoot by UV-T treatments. In lettuce roots, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activities were increased by increasing the level of solar UV radiation. In case of UV-T, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in both shoots and roots of lettuce seedlings was higher than those of other treatments. In addition, Phenols are accumulated in lettuce shoots as a result of UV radiation in UV-L and UV-T treatments. Also, phenols in roots increased by increasing solar UV dose. The study concluded that solar UV radiation induced some antioxidant enzymes, increased the accumulation and biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and reduced lettuce seedlings growth.