The study showed that the average amount of global production of cotton during the period (2004-2008) was estimated at 20.849 million tons. Where China, United States of America and India in the front of producing countries and was the relative importance of the Egyptian production of cotton for the world in tenth place. The harvested area it may an annual average of about 33.205 million hectares during the same period. Where India, United States of America and China in the front of those countries, while the average quantity of world exports during the same period was estimated at 8.293 million tons / year. Where United States of America, Uzbekistan and India in the front of those countries, were ranked Egypt in the ninth position. while the imports it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 7.76 million tons / year. Where China, Turkey and Indonesia in the front of those countries, The world Stock comes China United States of America and India in the front of those countries during the same period, while the consumption of cotton, it may average annual rate during the same period was estimated at 21.15 million tons / year. Where China, India and Pakistan in the front of those countries. There is also a decrease in the area of the Extra long staple cotton in Egypt by 6040 feddan per year during the period (1990-2008). The area of long-staple cotton, there is a decrease up to 18190 feddan annually during the same period, while the production of Extra long staple cotton there are decline 6620 tons annually, while the production of long staple cotton there is a decline of 13,250 tons annually during the same period. With regard to the evolution of the total production costs of cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 113.14 pounds / feddan per year as well as prices of farm cotton in Egypt, there are increasing by 170.95 pounds / tc5ns every year either total return for Egyptian cotton, there is increased total 173.34 pounds / feddan per year during the same period, The net return of cotton feddan to the study, noted the relative stability, and that it ranges around the arithmetic mean during the study period. Looks at the future of cotton in the world by forecasting its progress during the period (2009-2018), the direction of the Beginning stock to decline during the same period, while that the harvested area and end stock consumption relatively stable during the same Period, while exports and imports tended to increase during the same period, As for the forecasting of the Egyptian market during the same period the harvested area has tended to decline while increasing domestic consumption and with the relative stability in the beginning stock, as well as exports, Comparing the results to predict the global and Egyptian variables is showed Egyptian market for cotton towards the import of foreign cotton.

The almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Eurytoma amygdale End) is an important insect on almonds Amygdalus sp in its plantig regions, causing a large loss in the production. The relationship between the adults of almond seed wasp in five regions: mid Syria (Homs), Southern region (Al Qunaitera, Swedaa), and the countryside of Damascus (Beet Tema,, Deer Ateah) was studied by ISSR. The results indicated that the females from Homs formed a separated cluster, and the females from Beet Tema and Deer Ateah were the most closed to each other,also the female from Al Qunaitera and Swedaa were closed to each other. It was noted that the males separated into two clusters, the first one contained the males from Homs and Swedaa, and the second contained the males from Beet Tema, Al Qunaitera and Deer Ateah.

A detailed survey was carried out for 8 Foster grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) groves in Sennar area (13˚ 37΄ N, 33˚ 37΄ E) representing Sudan Central Clay Plain. Trees were budded on Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Soil and leaf samples were collected and analyzed according to standard procedures. Soil analyses included particle size distribution, pH (paste), ECe, SAR, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Mn. Leaf nutrient  levels  determination included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn. Yield per tree was recorded for one season and quality parameters were measured for fruits sampled from representative trees. Results indicated that, soil texture of the orchards ranged between clay and clay loam. Although the orchards were receiving the same cultural practices, yet, they were significantly different in some soil and plant constituents. All orchards were non-saline and non-sodic of slightly to moderately alkaline reaction. Soil and plant were deficient in nitrogen and zinc with high leaf phosphorus, magnesium, iron and deficit calcium levels. Mean fruit yield ranged between 0.93 and 7.76 tons ha-1 with an average of 4.35 tons ha-1, which is considered lower than world average. A low % TSS (total soluble solids), low ascorbic acid content and high % green color on fruit surface are evidents of low quality fruits. The low yield and poor quality fruits in this area were attributed to unsuitable soil conditions and the poor management practices

Vegetable production provide great value in the agricultural production sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Growers and agricultural engineers need a comprehensive database in Arabic lan-guage that can be available for use any time any where. Therefore, this research project was initiat-ed. The computer program was developed using Visual Basic Net 2005 which is one of the ad-vanced visual programming languages. We took into consideration easy usage and coherence be-tween all program components. Main results in-clude computer program with the data base, which includes: vegetable crops, diseases, insect pests and other pests that attacks vegetable crops, management tactics, cultural practices, irrigation requirements, planting dates, data search. Fur-thermore, field trips have been carried out to some vegetable farms in all the Kingdom regions. A digit-ized map of the Kingdom has been added to the program in addition to crop water and heat re-quirements. Various search capabilities have been developed in the program. After the completion of the program build up, verification trips have been carried out for five regions in the presence of farm-ers and extension specialists of the different direc-torate of the Ministry of Agriculture to test the accu-racy of steps used in the program. A manual for the computer program as well as leaflet on pro-gram set up and usage have been included. It is recommended to make this program available at the internet and distribute copies to the Ministry of Agriculture and its directorates as well as farmers.

In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital topographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, Universal Transverse Mercator 36 N, which parameter are given hereafter. Three thousands sites were visited during the winter crop survey, the sample could be constituted of a sub-set of these sites and one point will be designed in each of the selected sites. If this point is wheat, it will be included in the yield sample and visited at harvest time. The sub sample is defined as points of observation, 250m x 250m apart; there are 10 points of observation, which are called points. They are located in two lines East-West of 5 points. There suits of winter survey of Nile Delta and Nile valley is about 12591563 Feddan. The main results of the field survey were that the total cultivation area is almost 76609500 Feddan. The cultivation area is covered about 61% of the total Nile Delta and Nile valley. Field crop is the major area in the Nile valley and Nile Delta, its cover about 48% of the total area of the NileValley and Nile Delta. Furthermore, the field crops cover about 79% of the total cultivation area.

Garlic is promoted for use as a preventive factor against the formation of cancer. Although several compounds in garlic may have anti- cancer properties, the dially sulfide compounds are said to play a major role. garlic is known to help in regulating blood sugar levels. Therefore, yoghurt was manufactured by using the aqueous extract of garlic to produce a healthy yoghurt. Different concentration of this extract; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% were added to yoghurt milk. Results showed that 0.1% of garlic extract was the best concentration which gained the highest score. The resultant yoghurt treatments were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at 5 + 1°C until 15 days. Yoghurt acidity was gradually increased during storage at 5 ± 1°C until 2 weeks, either for control or different treatments. On the other hand pH took an opposite trend of acidity. The resultant fresh yoghurt had high acetaldehyde, diacetyl, TVFA, viscosity values than control, whereas it showed low whey synersis. During storage at (5 ± 1°C) acetaldehyde, diacetyl decreased while TVFA, viscosity, whey synersis values were increased. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (a 0.05) for acidity, TVFA, viscosity, diacetyl values and non significant difference (a 0.05) for acetaldehyde content between treatments and during storage.

The current period has seen considerable interest in issues of poverty in the world. And every State can draw the correct and appropriate policies to combat poverty if it can identify the most important determinants (causes) of poverty and know how to evaluate these parameters in line with its potential. Therefore, this research tries to contribute to identifying the determinants of poverty in Egypt and most Arabian countries. For this was the problem of searching high unemployment and low level of services and lack of availability of a significant sector of the population of Egypt and most Arabian countries. The objective of this search is to try to identify the most important determinants of poverty in Arabian countries and the estimate the proportion of a specific effect of each of these determinants in the presence of differences in the incidence of poverty among them, and the possibilities of reducing poverty in these countries. Deliberately search to include the study of all the Arab states, including oil and non-oil. The study estimated poverty function by using some of the World Development Indicators contained in the report of the World Bank for the years 2007/2008, 2000/2001, the indicators are: proportion of population below national poverty line (dependent variable), and many of other indicators, which is believed it may affect the incidence of poverty in any country (independent variables), The study used cross-sectional time series data and the double logarithmic ordinary least squares OLS were used. The results of statistical analysis of the determinants of poverty is clear that the lack of services and facilities of state is the biggest factor influencing the increase in poverty in Arab countries. For Egypt, it was shown that the rate of poverty in Egypt more than their counterparts in the record level assumed by 13.58%, and approximately 8.20% of this difference in the poverty rate between Egypt and the standard record is due in the first place low ratio of value-added of industry from GDP, hence the clear trend State to pursue a policy focus on industry and trying to promote this sector so that the State of employment in this sector and thereby reduce unemployment and reduce poverty as well as state and to attract surplus labor and underemployment, seasonal in the agriculture sector, and should also increase the share of spending on education budget to combat poverty. The study then proceeded to try to reduce the poverty rate of study and upon which it became clear that the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty in less Arab countries is to try to influence countries to boost spending on education (% of GDP) and value added of industry (% of GDP). As for ways to reduce the poverty rate in poor Arab countries explained the study, said the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty is to raise the foreign direct investment (U.S. $ million) (% of GDP) and expenditure on education (% of GDP). It is also for ways to reduce the poverty rate of the

ABSTRACT   Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 at Sakha Agric. Res. Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the effect of four harvesting dates i.e. 135, 145, 155 and 165 days after sowing on yield and its quality of six flax genotypes namely, Sakha1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3 and Giza 9 varieties and two new promising strains (strain 16 and strain 22). This study was laid out in a split-plot design, with four replications, the main plots were allocated to the six flax genotypes, whereas, the sub-plots contained the harvesting dates. The obtained results could be summarized as follow:       Sakha 3 and Giza 9 varieties gave the highest means for technical length, fiber yield/plant as well as per fed., fiber length, fiber percentage, fiber strength, fiber fineness, germination % and crude protein %, whereas strain 22 (yellow seed) surpassed the other flax genotypes which produced the highest values for No. of seeds/plants, seed yield/fed., oil content and oil yield/fed.      The harvest date of 155 days after sowing showed significant increases in stem diameter, straw yield/plant as well as per fed. fiber yield and its quality and crude protein % compared to the other three dates (135, 145 and 165 days after sowing). However, delayed harvesting date to 165 days after sowing recorded significant increase in technical length, upper branching zone length, seed yield and its related characters, germination %, seedling vigour, seed index, volume of 1000-seed, oil content and oil yield/fed. The interactions among the studied factors had significant effects on straw yield/fed., No. of capsules/plants, fiber strength and germination % in the first season of study, while the characters of the upper branching zone length, seed yield/fed., oil yield/fed., fiber length and oil content in both seasons.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between wheat yield cultivars (Sakha 93 and Giza 168) and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities  under different soil water content i.e. low, moderate and high content by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280m³/fed.), by 100% ETo (1600m³/fed.) and120% ETo (1920m³/fed.), respectively. Two lysimeter experiments were carried out in two successive seasons i.e. 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to estimate  wheat yield and one experiment in plastic bags carried out of the greenhouse to determine the antioxidant enzymes of 28 days wheat plant under three different soil water content i.e. providing wheat seedlings with aforementioned treatment.  Exposing wheat cultivars i.e. Giza 186 or Sakha 93 to water stress by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280 m³/fad.) exerted an increase in CAT, SOD, POD, APX and PAL over those irrigated at 100% ETo (1600 m³/fad.) or at 120% ETo (1920 m³/fad.), but the previous enzyme activities in the tissue of Saka 93 surpassed of that of Giza 168 cultivar. spike weight and weight of 100 grain/plant of Sakha 93 cultivar overcome that of Giza 168 at low soil moisture content (80% ETo), whereas opposite results were obtained at high and moderate water content (120% and 100% ETo) in the first growing season (2006/2007) and spike weight/plant in second growing season (2007/2008). There was a proportional relationship between increasing soil moisture content and grain yield/plant but the difference between moderate water content 100% ETo (1600 m³/fed.) and high water content 120% ETo (1920 m³/fed.) was not significant. Providing 28 days wheat plant with low water content, decreased wheat yield/plant and its attributes comparing with moderate water content for the two studied cultivars. The current study indicates that Sakha 93 cultivar was the most tolerant cultivar compared with Giza 168.