The study was designed to evaluate the effect of barley grain etiolated sprouts mixture with faba bean, Egyptian clover, wheat and rice hays to improve fodder value. Hays were used as media to etiolated sprouts of barley with three seeding densities (10, 20 and 30% w: w). Growing conditions of the system can produce between 12.8 to 38.38Kg of fresh fodder and 3.18 to 9.10Kg of dry fodder in 4 days from one kilogram of dry barley grains. The dry fodder per unit seed volume (Kg/Kg grain) was decreased with increasing seed density. Since hays were decreased but the nutrient content of the fodder, especially protein was increased. Barley etiolated sprouts improved quality of hays fodder from faba bean, Egyptian clover, rice and wheat crop. Carbohydrate lipid, protein and total energy content were increased with increasing barley-seeding density while crude fiber was decreased. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was decreased with decreasing seed density especially with rice hays (39.92) and increased with increasing seeding density especially with faba bean hays (74.77). Fiber fraction (Neutral detergent fiber NDF, Acid detergent fiber ADF, Acid detergent lignin ADL), cellulose and lignin percentage were decreased with increasing seeding density of barley, Relative feed value (RFV) was increased with increasing seed density for barley grown on faba bean, Egyptian clover, rice and wheat hays.                      The barley etiolated sprout production system obtained a good quality fresh forage in small area all year around and low cost estimated per ton DM; total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) compared with hydroponic barely green sprouts. Therefore, the system can recommended as cheap energy (TDN) and protein (CP). In addition, the system saving agricultural lands and partially water consumption for strategy crop production as wheat and corn since its fodder products can produced and grown in small dark area during absence of natural forage.

Computational model was designed for feeding systems of small dairy farms in Egypt under Mixed Farming System (MFS) (Crops/livestock). The present case study was selected from El-Beheira governorate, where the three common dairy animals (Local cows, Crossbred cows and buffaloes) are available. The main objectives of this study were 1- To find out the optimum combination of inputs from farm green forage and cash crops to minimize animal feeding costs. 2- Asses the possibilities of increasing the farm income by least cost rations formulation using available feed resources for dairy cattle. Technical coefficients of the models were obtained from previous studies under Egyptian condition. The model proposed three scenarios: Scenario I (S I) calculated the actual feeding situation from the case study without any changes as base run, scenario II (S II) proposed to cover animal feeding requirements of the same herd in scenario (S I) from the same available feed resources according to NRC (2001) and scenario III (S III) operating on the available feeding package quantities or reallocated farm feed resources for the same herd. The model used the common feed in summer and winter seasons (300 days) while, two months were considered as transitional period between two seasons, where irregular animal feeding regime is adopted. The results showed that area cultivated with green forages can be reduced by 17% and 25% of total planted area in SII for winter and summer, respectively, compared to base run (SI). Where as in S III, the green forage cultivated areas reduced by 30% and 25% for winter and summer, respectively in comparison with SI, feeding costs in SII were reduced by 51.11% and 38.97% in winter and summer, respectively. Using available feeding packages and reallocated farm resources in SIII reduced feeding costs by 47.78% and 27.67% for winter and summer, respectively. It can be concluded that using available feeding packages or reallocated animal feeding resources either in SII and SIII achieved a considerable reduction on animal feeding costs of small-scale mixed farms compared to base run scenario (SI).

Inflation is meant the overall and continuing rise in prices by the impact of internal or external variables, produced by excess demand about supply capacity. Problem of the study: The Egyptian economy has a decline in overall economic indicators, most importantly is the overall growth rate, compared with a rise in inflation, poverty, unemployment, the low production and the continuing deficit in the trade balance, and in general budget, which are negative indicators for the Egyptian economy. Therefore, the study is trying to explain and study the problem of inflation, its direct and indirect effects on overall growth rates in the Egyptian economy. Research Objectives: Identify the reality of growth rate in the Egyptian economy; identify what are inflation types and methods of measurement, measuring interaction relationships between both of inflation rates and growth rates in the Egyptian economy, determine factors afficting of both inflation and growth rates in Egypt, to work on indirect effect in these phenomena by afficting on those factors.   Results and recommendations   1-To study the effect of the most important variables of affected GDP at current and real prices in Egypt during the period (2003-2014): It turns out that study variables give effects on growth rate in real GDP at real prices consistent with economic logic, on the contrary effects of the growth rate of GDP at current prices. 2- Study interrelationships between the local annual growth rate at real and current prices and the annual inflation rate in Egypt during the period (2003-2014): It was concluded that data will be relied on real growth rate of GDP in its relations with inflation, where it is more logical from the economic point of view than the results of the GDP growth rate of GDP at current prices. 3- The relation between the inflation rate and growth rate GDP in real terms is negatively slope. 4- The results of the current economic model show that: The most important factors affecting in inflation rate and real growth rate in GDP are: First: Annual inflation rate in consumer prices (X2), it has a negative significant statistically effect for both of annual growth rate of GDP at real prices% (X6), net cash reserve (X8), and the balance of current transactions and transfers (X13). And positive significant statistically effect for both of exchange rate of the dollar declared by the Central Bank (X10), and and the total surplus (deficit) (X21). Second: Annual growth rate of GDP at real prices% (X6), it has a negative effect from, annual inflation rate in consumer prices (X2), and the exchange rate of the dollar announced by the Central Bank (X10), while the effect was statistically significant positive for both of, net cash reserve (X8), and the total surplus (deficit) (X21). 5- Best method to forcast the main variables under study of inflation rate and the real growth rate of GDP is the use of the simutianeous equation model it takes into consideration all external variables affecting the internal variables under study. It was reached by forcasting both of the Inflation rates and real GDP growth rates, that the policies followed by floating exchange rate, which requires an impact on all variables to the hoped results of the floating of the Egyptian pound.   Therefore research recommends: to re-enter the Central Bank for determining the exchange rate of the Egyptian pound against other currencies, not directly to the currency exchange rate, but by indirect intervention through supply and demand control of the currency in Egyptian market against other currencies, by intervening in the market by selling and buying direct from banks, in addition to moving external variables affecting both inflation and real growth rates in Egypt to able to reach the resalts of simulitanuos equation model which takes into account all external variables related to the study variables.

Two field experiments were carried out at a private farm (newly reclaimed soil) at Somusta city, Bani-Suif governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to evaluate the application of different nitrogen sources and their combinations for increasing the productivity and quality of yellow maize (zea mays). Results showed that:                 Maize plants fertilized with120 kg MN/fad. recorded the greatest leaves number/plant (12.67) and number of green leaves /plant (12.67) after 45 days from sowing, however, the applied application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the maximum number of leaves /plant (15.17 and 17.83) and number of green leaves /plant (15.17 and 16.33) at stages of vegetative growth after 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively. application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the highest values of leaf area index (LAI) at all stages of vegetative growth 3.16, 3.98 and 6.39 from 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively.                 At harvest maize plants fertilized with 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONP /fad recorded the highest value of grains number/row (32.83) followed by 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONC/fad. the highest values of ears number/plant were recorded with the treatments 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONC /fad, 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad and 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONF/ fad with the same value (2.00). Data also revealed that the highest value of grain weight/plant (274.49) was recorded at 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad treatment.                 Application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad produced significant maximum grain yield (3.05 ton/fad.), biological yield (6.37 ton/fad) and grain crude protein yield (296.83 kg/fad).                 Maize plants treated with 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad gave the highest values of grain and straw nitrogen percentage by 1.17 and 0.42% respectively. In addition the highest values of grain and straw phosphor percentage (0.49 and 0.20 %) and potassium percentage (4.30 and 1.90%) respectively were recorded with 120 kg ONP/fad.

Agricultural sector is considered to be one of the most important sectors in the Egyptian economy that contributes greatly in the national income. Therefore, the state pays great intention to the agricultural sector concerning all developmental aspects either vertical or horizontal. That is achieved through developing used and already existing agricultural resources which is called vertical agricultural development, or through adding new agricultural materials which is called horizontal agricultural development. In all of the abovementioned fields, agricultural machines play an important and direct role in achieving both vertical and horizontal agricultural development, as it is well- known that vertical and horizontal  agricultural expand depends totally on agricultural machines in general and the developed modern machines in particular. As for vertical agricultural expand, agricultural machines play vital and effective role in increasing production, lowering production costs and the possibility of making use of the advantages and jumps of expansion through expanding in use and application of modern technical methods in agriculture as laser leveling, planting by seed drill, automatic seedling and automatic harvest. In addition to the abovementioned, there is the gab in the cereals, decrease of the net profit of farmers as well as their use of farming traditional methods that do not coop the agricultural development. Considering the importance of the technical standard as an important factor of agricultural production, the use of modern technology comes among the most important methods that may increase the production of Feddans by the optimal economic use of limited resources. The thesis aimed to introduce the best technical standards in agricultural machines applied in the farming rice, wheat and maize in order to yield the highest production with lowest costs and to gain the highest amount of net profit of Feddan. Moreover, the thesis aimed to study the production and economic indicators of the crops studied by the thesis and their development nationwide as well as comparing the effect of the technical processes on the productivity of the Feddan of the crops studied by the thesis and their effect from the economic feasibility point of view. This  part of the thesis deals with the economic evaluation of using agricultural machines in order to farm to wheat  in Egypt., as it was shown that the average Feddan productivity of wheat was estimated of about 3.7 ton/ Feddan as a result of using technical methods, whereas productivity by using traditional systems was about 2.8 ton/Feddan. This shows that as a result of using technological systems, Feddan productivity overcomes using the traditional systems as that increase was estimated to be about 0.9 ton/ Feddan with a percentage of about 32% from traditional systems. This increase in the average Feddan productivity for land unit reflects to new items, laser leveling, deep ploughing and adding land plaster with the relatively stability of varied production costs and the extent of technical and economic efficiency on favor of using technological systems. The thesis showed that the total proceeds of wheat farmed by using technological systems reached in average about 12440 pound/ Feddan, against 9560 pound/ Feddan for wheat farmed by using traditional systems. It was shown that the total proceeds of wheat farmed by using technological systems increase with a percentage of 30% from the same crop farmed by traditional systems. The study shows that the total varied costs of wheat for technological systems distributed on the production elements is estimated in average of about 3915 pound/ Feddan against 6390 pound/ Feddan for transitional methods with an increase of 39% when using agricultural machines. Moreover, the study pointed out that the total costs were estimated in average of about 5915 pound/ Feddan of wheat farmed by using technological systems against 8390 pound/ Feddan for traditional systems with an increase of about 29%. This illustrates the efficiency of suing technological systems. The study considered the net Feddan proceeds of wheat farmed by technological systems. It was estimated of about 6525 pound/Feddan against 1170 pound/ Feddan for traditional systems. This means that technological systems' net profit exceeds the same profits of traditional systems with an increase of about 5355 pounds. The study showed that the proceeds above the varied costs of wheat farmed by technological systems are estimated with about 8525 pound/ Feddan in average against 3170 pound/ Feddan for traditional systems. This means that technological systems are superior with about 169%. This increase is attributed to the increase in the total proceeds of technological systems comparing to traditional systems. The study shows that the cost of ton of wheat farmed by technological systems is estimated of about 3362 pound/ Feddan in average against 3414 pound/ Feddan for traditional systems. This means that technological systems exceed traditional systems with about 2%. This decrease is attributed to the increase of the Feddan productivity using technological system comparing to traditional systems. Considering the profit on the invested pound, it reached about 1.10 pounds for the use of technological systems against 0.14 pounds for the use of traditional systems. This shows that the technological systems used in farming wheat is better from both technical and economic point of view which means that the new technological systems used in production covers the total costs and realizing a surpass. This shows the efficiency of resource usage in producing wheat farmed by technological systems. Every pound being spent or invested in farming using technological systems achieves an income of about 10 pounds against one pound for traditional system.

Balanced nutrition plays an important role in preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. The quality of fats and carbohydrates also have a protective effect compared to the consumption amount. The consumption of diets high in polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and low in refined grains, processed red meat and sugary drinks, reduce cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research is to monitor the personal, nutritional, healthy and habitual risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases of female employees and students at King Faisal University in Al-Ahssa Province, Eastern Saudi Arabia. The descriptive analytical approach was used. Data were collected by distributing two forms included general questions about female employees and students (eg, age, socioeconomic status and place of residence), The two questionnaires were accompanied by two lists, the first included a range of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the other included 16 nutritional practice related to cardiovascular disease. Also some anthropometric measurements of the sample were recorded. The sample included 75 female employees and 425 female students volunteering in the study, from three colleges in the university, and data were statistical analyzed. The results showed that the level of nutritional practices associated with cardiovascular disease is "average" for most of the sample of the study, Which is better among university female employees compared to female students (P = 0.000). The mean number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease was 4.03 and 2.77, respectively. The risk factors for most of university's employees included age factor (82.7%), psychological stress (80%), overweight and obesity (69.3%) and the classification of waist circumference was a risk factor and high risk (66.7%). The risk factors for students were psychological stress and the presence of one smoker or more in the family. Based on the results, the study recommends that the university students and employees should carry on following good nutritional, healthy and habitual practices that reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as well as modify the bad nutritional practices with good ones. The study also recommends the university administration to provide nutrition education programs. This will increase the awareness of students and employees of the university about the importance of balance nutrition and encourage them to adopt good nutritional Habits and health lifestyle.

A total number of 120 nulliparous APRI and Baladi Black does (60 does for each breed) were mated at 5 months of age at the beginning of the breeding season (during September) to study the effect of re-mating interval after the first parturition on the litter parameters, milk yield per day and reproduction traits. All does were randomly divided into three equal groups according to reproductive rhythm: The 1st group: post partum (PP), the 2nd group: 11 days after parturition (P11), and the 3rd group: Post weaning (PW) .The body weight of P11 does were slightly higher than that of PP or PW groups. The re- mating interval groups during second parity had significant (P<0.05) effects on litter traits at weaning. Litter size and Litter weight at weaning age in PW group were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP and P11 groups. Litter weight at 21 days of age in PW and P11 groups were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP group. The PW group had significant higher litter size at weaning than those in PP group. Daily milk yield (DMY) after second parity was affected significantly by re-mating interval groups in the third and fourth week of suckling period. GL in PP group was higher significantly (P<0.05) comparing with P11 or PW groups. The values of litter size and weight traits were better for APRI does comparing with BB except litter weight at 21 days. The difference in results between the two breeds in daily milk yield showed generally higher trend of daily milk yield for APRI over BB. The Kindling interval and the gestation period were significantly (P<0.05) affected by interaction of re-mating interval group and breed. In conclusion, applying a lengthened period after the first kindling (by more than 10 days or after weaning) had a favorable effect on the does’ production.

Agricultural land resources are considered the most important factors of agricultural production and are increasingly important in countries with limited land resources, as in the case of Egypt in addition to what has happened in recent years of increasing encroachment on agricultural lands. On the other hand, agricultural strategies that seeks to increase agricultural land, and cultivated by strategic crops. The wheat crop in Egypt is considered one of the main crops, where the Egyptian citizen relies on it for his basic food. The wheat grains are used in the production of bread, pasta, pies and sweets. Wheat straw is used as a fodder for farm animals and it is used in some wood industries. As a result of the steady increase in population and insufficient domestic production of wheat, there is a large gap between local production and consumption of the population.so Egypt must be imported large amounts of wheat to meet the consumption of local market.         The problem of this research is the decrease productivity of wheat crop in Kafr El-Sheikh Gover-norate and decrease in the net income of wheat cultivation in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, which led to reluctance of many farmers to grow wheat crop. Where the area of wheat grown in the governorate decreased from about  229.10  thousand feddans in 2005/2006 to about 216.7 thousand feddans in 2014/2015 with a decrease of 5.4%.                 The study aims to study the effect of improvement and maintenance programs of agricultural lands on productivity of wheat crops in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, 2015-2016, which helps farmers and decision-makers to increase the agricultural land area for improvement and conservation programs.                 One of the most important results was that all improvement processes resulted in an increase in the net yield of wheat crop, where all the measurements of the dummy variables were positively related and proved to be statistical significance.             The results of analysis of variance showed the importance effect of usage agricultural land improvement and maintenance programs on increasing the net income of wheat. It is also estimated that the net income increases when more than one improvement program is used. Improvement processes, which reflects the nature of the quality of agricultural land in the governorate, which is characterized by heavy clay soil.

This study was carried out in two successive seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at SEKEM company Farm (Bilbase, Sharkya Governorate) on chia (Salvia hispanica) plant which is  a new crop introduced lately to Egyptian cultivation as  a medicinal plant. The effect of three irrigation levels of different reference evapotranspiration (80, 100 and 120 % ETo) with foliar application of three levels of proline (100, 200 and 300 ppm), salicylic acid (200, 400 and 600 ppm) and putrescine (10, 15 and 20 ppm) in addition to the control treatment (tap water) was investigated on growth and yield of Salvia hispanica cultivated in sandy loam soil with drip irrigation system. The results of the two years experiments indicated that the highest values of plant growth parameters and seeds yield of S. hispanica were obtained from 100 % ETo. While 120 % ETo resulted in the maximum value of roots fresh and dry weights. Foliar-spray application of proline (100 ppm.), salicylic acid (200 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm) resulted in optimum fresh and dry weights of herbage and roots. Seed yield was higher in plants sprayed with proline (100 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm), although the differences between them and salicylic acid (200 and 400 ppm) or putrescine (15 ppm) were insignificant in both seasons. This leads us to recommend irrigation of S. hispanica accordingly with 100 % ETo coupled with foliar-spray application of salicylic acid (200 ppm) from the economic point of view.