Raw milk Domiati cheese is the main soft white pickled cheese produced in Egypt. The objective of this study was to assess the microbiological hazards, physiochemical quality and safety of some raw Domiati cheese subtypes including Double Cream, Tallaga, Baramely and Istanbully. The cheese samples were randomly collected from different cheese retailers in Cairo. The results indicated that the protein content and fat content were high in Double cream cheese. The pH value was low in Baramely cheese. Total solid, ash, and EC were high in Istanbully cheese because it is high salt level. Also, results indicated high microbiological hazards. the cheese samples were highly contaminated, having microbial load exceeding the acceptable limits such as: Total bacterial count, Total coliform, Fecal E. coli and yeast & molds. Pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter jejuni) were detected in three cheese samples.  Except Istanbully cheese sample were found free of most pathogenic bacteria.  A high microbial load of the cheese samples present a public health hazard to the consumers and emphasize the need for improving hygienic standard. Microbiological hazards must be limited to the stander limit of food safety. Raw milk soft white cheese must be manufactured according to hygienic standard.

This study reports for the first time the eco-physiological responses of some Egyptian wild beet accessions (WB1013, WB1021 and WB1026) under saline irrigation. The plants were exposed to five seawater salinities (0, 20, 30, 40 and 60% sws) for 6 weeks in a sandy culture in the greenhouse. Low salinity (20% sws) slightly enhanced the plant fresh weight of both WB1013 and WB1021 genotypes by 5% and 3% respectively, but significantly reduced that of WB1026 genotype by about 10%. Higher seawater salinities, however, caused progressive growth reductions in all accessions, with maximum growth inhibition, being 59% in WB1026 at 60% sws. Tolerance threshold was lowest (being at 20% sws) for WB1026, but highest (reached 40% sws) for both genotypes WB1013 and WB1021. EC50 was at salinity level of 40 – 60% sws for WB1026 genotype, but higher than 60% sws for genotypes WB1013 and WB1021. These indicate that both accessions WB1013 and WB1021 are more salt-tolerant when compared with WB1026. The higher salt tolerance of WB1013 and WB1021 accessions is largely conferred by higher leaf K+/Na+ ratio, due to low Na+ and Cl- accumulation under saline conditions compared to WB1026. This was associated with lower dry weights and ion leakage, and with higher leaf area, chlorophyll readings, total soluble carbohydrates and Ca2+ concentrations when compared with WB1026. Both WB1013 and WB1021 accessions do not only offer the possibility of being an alternative promising cash crops under seawater irrigation, but also, through an understanding of its physiology, may provide possible routes to enhance salt tolerance in other beet crops.

Computational model was designed for feeding systems of small dairy farms in Egypt under Mixed Farming System (MFS) (Crops/livestock). The present case study was selected from El-Beheira governorate, where the three common dairy animals (Local cows, Crossbred cows and buffaloes) are available. The main objectives of this study were 1- To find out the optimum combination of inputs from farm green forage and cash crops to minimize animal feeding costs. 2- Asses the possibilities of increasing the farm income by least cost rations formulation using available feed resources for dairy cattle. Technical coefficients of the models were obtained from previous studies under Egyptian condition. The model proposed three scenarios: Scenario I (S I) calculated the actual feeding situation from the case study without any changes as base run, scenario II (S II) proposed to cover animal feeding requirements of the same herd in scenario (S I) from the same available feed resources according to NRC (2001) and scenario III (S III) operating on the available feeding package quantities or reallocated farm feed resources for the same herd. The model used the common feed in summer and winter seasons (300 days) while, two months were considered as transitional period between two seasons, where irregular animal feeding regime is adopted. The results showed that area cultivated with green forages can be reduced by 17% and 25% of total planted area in SII for winter and summer, respectively, compared to base run (SI). Where as in S III, the green forage cultivated areas reduced by 30% and 25% for winter and summer, respectively in comparison with SI, feeding costs in SII were reduced by 51.11% and 38.97% in winter and summer, respectively. Using available feeding packages and reallocated farm resources in SIII reduced feeding costs by 47.78% and 27.67% for winter and summer, respectively. It can be concluded that using available feeding packages or reallocated animal feeding resources either in SII and SIII achieved a considerable reduction on animal feeding costs of small-scale mixed farms compared to base run scenario (SI).

Agriculture sector is one of essential sector in the Egyptian economy. The sector is the main source of food required by Egyptian people, in addition to that the sector is also a source of row materials for many in industries.                 On the other hands, sugar cane and sugar beet crops are the main source of sugar in Egypt as well as in many other countries.                 The average sugar cane area and production were about 0.32 millon Fadden and 15.60 millon tons during the period (1995-2014). While sugar beet area was 0.21 millon fadden and 4.53 millon ton during the years (1995-2014).                 The research problem may be concentrated on that domestic sugar production is short  meeting  local  consumption  and there for the government has to fill the gap through  imports which means a burden on government budget. The shortage of domestic sugar production is mainly due to the limited area of sugar cane crop, which is mainly due to the limited agricultural land and water. The increase of population and the per capita consumption of sugar and the need to rationalize water use have made sugar production in Egypt more accurate.                 The main objective of the present research is therefore a trial to estimate farmers supply response of sugar response of sugar produced from sugar cane and sugar beet in an attempt to reduce sugar imports. The study has also tried to examine factors that may affect sugar consumption, i.e.  social  and political factors are also taken into consideration.                   The study showed that Brazil, India and China are the main producer of sugar cane, 48.32%, 29.32% and 9.31% respectively. The three countries produce together about 87% of sugar from sugar cane. On the other hand, France, USE, Germany produce together about 66% of total sugar beet.                 A study of supply response of sugar cane showed that farm price of sugar cane with two years lag and net return per Fadden with one year lag the important factors affective sugar cane production .As for sugar beet production, it was found that farm price and area with one year lag were the most important factor affecting sugar supply from sugar beet.                 The study recommends the expansion of sugar beet area particularly in the now reclaimed land in addition to of farming an encouraging price to farmers. Finally it is advisable to rationalize sugar consumption by Egyptian people.

Wheat crop is considered to be one of the most important grain crops and a major source of food for the Egyptian people. The production and economic indicators of wheat yield were studied in Egypt. It is clear that the total area and production of wheat increased by 71 thousand feddans annually and, 199 thousand tons annually, respectively, at a significant level of 0.01. The coefficient of general trend of area and production were (R2) 0.80 respectively, which means that 87%, 80% of the changes in the total area and production of wheat are due to factors whose effect reflects the time variable.                 However, the food security factor should be increased to 0.50, as the minimum level of strategic stock security is achieved when the stock meets the needs of the population for at least 6 months. Which is estimate at  6.850 million tons during the period 2000-2015, which is edmivelent storage capacity of wheat, which estimated the average national consumption of wheat during about 13.579 million tons, it is noticed the food security coefficient is low than.

A 7x7 half diallel cross along with their parental wheat cultivars were evaluated under two sowing dates (19th Nov. and 17th Dec.).The results revealed that mean squares due to sowing dates, genotypes and genotypes x sowing dates interaction were significant for most of the studied traits. Delaying sowing date to Dec. reduced all studied characters compared to the normal sowing date except electrolyte leakage which increased by delaying sowing date. Heterosis over better parents showed that, the best hybrids under stress condition were Misr 2 X Giza 168 and Sids 1 X Giza 168   for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits.  General and specific combining ability mean squares indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of the studied traits with few exceptions. However, the additive effect was more important than the non-additive effects in the inheritance of days to 50% heading, plant height, No. of spikes/ plant,No. of kernels / spike and 1000-kernel weight while, the non-additive effects were more important than the additive effects in the inheritance of electrolyte leakage and flag leaf area. The best general combiner parents for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits were Gemmeiza 11 and Giza 168under stress condition. The best hybrids for SCA effects were Sakha 93 X Sids 1, Gemmeiza 11 X Giza 168, Misr 2 X Giza 168 and Sids 1 X Giza 168 under stress condition for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits. The crosses Gemmeiza 11 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.36), Gemmeiza 7 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.58) and Sakha 93 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.60) have recorded the lowest values of heat susceptibility index (HSI), indicating their tolerance to heat stress (late sowing date).

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of saline water irrigation at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 ppm by using a mixture of two salts (sodium chloride: calcium chloride, 2:1, w/w)  in addition to tap water  as control and foliar sprayings of Salicylic acid (SA) at 100, 200 and 300 ppm in addition to tap water as control on growth, flowering and chemical composition of pot marigold plants in the two successive seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that all tested foliar applications of SA increased all vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of leaves /plant, leaf area, number of branches/plant, diameter of stem, fresh and dry weights of vegetative growth and roots, and roots volume), and flowering attributes (number of inflorescences/plant, diameter of inflorescence, fresh and dry weights of inflorescences). While, saline water irrigation decreased growth, flowering parameters, chlorophyll, carotene contents in flowers and some minerals contents of the vegetative growth, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages. However, saline water irrigation increased proline and some mineral contents, i.e. calcium, sodium and chloride percentages of the vegetative growth. In most cases, under the same saline water irrigation conditions spraying SA at 100 and 200 ppm concentrations alleviated the salinity effect on the plants, enhanced the plant growth and increased the flowering parameters. The most effective treatments which enhance growth, flowering parameters, chlorophyll content, carotene contents in flowers, proline and mineral contents were found to be 100 and 200 ppm SA spraying under nonsaline conditions.

Balanced nutrition plays an important role in preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. The quality of fats and carbohydrates also have a protective effect compared to the consumption amount. The consumption of diets high in polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and low in refined grains, processed red meat and sugary drinks, reduce cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research is to monitor the personal, nutritional, healthy and habitual risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases of female employees and students at King Faisal University in Al-Ahssa Province, Eastern Saudi Arabia. The descriptive analytical approach was used. Data were collected by distributing two forms included general questions about female employees and students (eg, age, socioeconomic status and place of residence), The two questionnaires were accompanied by two lists, the first included a range of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the other included 16 nutritional practice related to cardiovascular disease. Also some anthropometric measurements of the sample were recorded. The sample included 75 female employees and 425 female students volunteering in the study, from three colleges in the university, and data were statistical analyzed. The results showed that the level of nutritional practices associated with cardiovascular disease is "average" for most of the sample of the study, Which is better among university female employees compared to female students (P = 0.000). The mean number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease was 4.03 and 2.77, respectively. The risk factors for most of university's employees included age factor (82.7%), psychological stress (80%), overweight and obesity (69.3%) and the classification of waist circumference was a risk factor and high risk (66.7%). The risk factors for students were psychological stress and the presence of one smoker or more in the family. Based on the results, the study recommends that the university students and employees should carry on following good nutritional, healthy and habitual practices that reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, as well as modify the bad nutritional practices with good ones. The study also recommends the university administration to provide nutrition education programs. This will increase the awareness of students and employees of the university about the importance of balance nutrition and encourage them to adopt good nutritional Habits and health lifestyle.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of different water salinity (36, 17, 8, 4, 2 ppt. and salinity level is less than 1ppt.) on growth performance and survival rate (%) of sea bass fry Dicentrarchus labrax. One thousand and two hundred sea bass fry were randomized stocked at twelve indoor tanks; 4 m3  each (two replicate/treatment), with an average initial body weight of (2 ± 0.30 g/fish) at the rate of 100 fish / tank. Fish in each tank were hand-fed with commercial diet (40 % crude protein and 485.582 Kcal GE/ 100 g diet). Fish were fed daily at a rate of 15, 10, 5, 4 and 3% of the body weight daily for the (1:2.2); (2.2:3.84); (3.84:9.2);  (9.20:12.70) and (12.70) g/fish : until the end of the experiment, respectively. The daily allowances were divided into three meals at 8.00 am; 11.00 am and 2.00 pm. Fish were fed six days a week throughout the experimental period (167 days). The daily amount of feed was re-adjusted every two weeks according to the actual fish biomass in the tanks. The highest significant values of growth performance parameters were observed when sea bass fry were reared at salinities 8 and 36 ppt. Weight gain of the other treatments were negatively affected (p <0.05) by water salinity. The lowest growth performance parameter was observed by salinity level less than 1 ppt. The highest FCR (1.64) recorded at 8 ppt. compared with (1.73) at 36 ppt. and worsens (1.91) at salinity level of less than 1ppt. The same trend was observed for protein efficiency ratio and condition factor where sea bass fry D. labrax reared at water salinity 8  ppt. recorded the highest value (1.45 and 1.16), respectively, while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt. salinity) showed the lowest significant (P<0.05) values (1.31 and 1.01), respectively. No mortality was recorded during the experimental period in all treatments. The economic returns studies showed that the total return and net profit were linked to the prices of the raw materials used in the experiment as well as the marketing prices of the fish produced. Total return and net profit showed that the fish reared at 8 ppt. achieved the highest economic return followed by the 36 ppt. and 17 ppt., while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt.) showed the lowest economic return followed by 4 ppt. Since the feeding cost of these two treatments is 16% higher than the other treatments, which affected the economic returns. However, when evaluating the situation as a high value fish species (like sea bass) with economic value reared in fresh water, this yield is very favorable in terms of cost compared to the selling price.

Agricultural land resources are considered the most important factors of agricultural production and are increasingly important in countries with limited land resources, as in the case of Egypt in addition to what has happened in recent years of increasing encroachment on agricultural lands. On the other hand, agricultural strategies that seeks to increase agricultural land, and cultivated by strategic crops. The wheat crop in Egypt is considered one of the main crops, where the Egyptian citizen relies on it for his basic food. The wheat grains are used in the production of bread, pasta, pies and sweets. Wheat straw is used as a fodder for farm animals and it is used in some wood industries. As a result of the steady increase in population and insufficient domestic production of wheat, there is a large gap between local production and consumption of the population.so Egypt must be imported large amounts of wheat to meet the consumption of local market.         The problem of this research is the decrease productivity of wheat crop in Kafr El-Sheikh Gover-norate and decrease in the net income of wheat cultivation in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, which led to reluctance of many farmers to grow wheat crop. Where the area of wheat grown in the governorate decreased from about  229.10  thousand feddans in 2005/2006 to about 216.7 thousand feddans in 2014/2015 with a decrease of 5.4%.                 The study aims to study the effect of improvement and maintenance programs of agricultural lands on productivity of wheat crops in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, 2015-2016, which helps farmers and decision-makers to increase the agricultural land area for improvement and conservation programs.                 One of the most important results was that all improvement processes resulted in an increase in the net yield of wheat crop, where all the measurements of the dummy variables were positively related and proved to be statistical significance.             The results of analysis of variance showed the importance effect of usage agricultural land improvement and maintenance programs on increasing the net income of wheat. It is also estimated that the net income increases when more than one improvement program is used. Improvement processes, which reflects the nature of the quality of agricultural land in the governorate, which is characterized by heavy clay soil.