This study was impact test effectively alcohol extract of plant leaves the El gada (Teucrium polium) and seder (Ziziphusspina Christi) on   Fusarium oxysporum isolated from the roots of tomato plants infected with  wilt,and  Botrytis cinerea isolated from infected bulbs, grey rot, The test also included a plant pathogenic bacteria are Erwinia cartovora isolated from infected bulbs, soft rot bac- terium Pseudomonas sp, isolated from Cucumber leaves infected with bacterial wilt disease. The results showed that concentrations of leaf alcohol extract CEDR effective on fungus F. oxysporum, with lower average growth used Center-Qatar plants extract alcohol concentration 2% after 7 days of incubation and growth-Qatar amounted to 6.6 cm , and is not affected by alcohol extract of leaves of El gada . While B.cinerea mushroom growth is not affected by both seder and seder extracts. It also found that alcoholic extract of leaves of Seder dampening bacteria isolated Pseudomonas sp and E.cartovora, while never giving El gada alcohol extract no inhibition effect against bacteria tested.

North Sinai farming community is facing many challenges such as increasing drought and salinity in water and soil, poor quality soils, a long hot summer with high solar radiation; in addition to poor experience of settled farmers and local Bedouins in improving traditional agriculture and animal productivity under saline conditions. The main objective of the study is to establish the efficiency of resource use in millet production among smallholder farmers in North Sinai region. Using a multi-stage random sampling procedure in selecting farmers interviewed. A structured questionnaire was administered to 60 smallholder farmers selected for analysis; the farmers were divided into two groups based on ownership and use of animals on the farm, and used a model to evaluate efficiency of the two groups. In this model, a Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted for the cross- sectional data generated from the survey. The ratio of marginal value product (MVP) to marginal factor cost (MFC) for all inputs was found to be greater than unity among all groups of farmers implying under-utilization of resources. Millet farmers were found to experience increasing returns to scale, meaning use of additional inputs in millet production would result in higher yields. The null hypothesis, which stated that smallholder farmers in North Sinai region are not allocating their farm resources efficiently in millet production, was tested and rejected at 5% level of significance. It was therefore concluded that millet farmers in North Sinai region were sub-optimally allocating resources in their production system.

Wheat is considered one of the main grain crop that human is depend in his diet all over the world. It is a strategic crop globally and locally in Egypt. The problem of the research refers to the gap between local wheat production and consumption. This gap forced the country to import wheat and thus represent a burden on the Egyptian balance of trade. It is the objective of the present paper is therefore to investigate ways to alleviate the deficit of wheat production and gap. The study assess wheat area, production and productivity during the period 1995-2013 particularly in the desert governorates. The study estimates wheat gap during the above period by about 67.14 million ton. Safe efficiency is therefore was put as 54.1%. Losses of wheat were put as about 1017 about 14.2% in the country as a whole.  The study estimates that wheat production in Matrooh and New Valley governorate is expected to be about 173.56 and 277.8 thousand ton respectively. The study suggests that measures should be taken to decrease losses of wheat during harvesting and marketing. New storage facilities should be established. The study recommends that special concern should be given to wheat cultivation in desert governorate by encouraging former to grow wheat by covering good wheat price to encourage formers

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest, that caused a significant damage to the tomato crop in the Middle East area. It infests Solanaceae plants especially tomato, Lycopersicon esculuntum Mill. To find parasitoids and predators for biological control of this pest, samples of tomato leaves infested with T. absoluta were collected from Qualiobya and Giza Governorates. Three genera of hymenopterous parasitoids, Diglyphus sp. (Eulophidae), Elasmus spp. (Elasmidae) and Telenomus sp. (Scelionidae) are the first record in Egypt. The predator bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) was also recorded. T. absoluta showed two peaks of 30.3 and 25.0 leaf mines/10 leaflets on 7th and 28th of May, 2013, respectively. N. tenuis also recorded two peaks of 58.8 and 73.3 nymphs and adults/plant on the same previous dates, respectively. N. tenuis was mass reared to evaluate the predatory efficiency of nymph and adult stages on T. absoluta eggs. The nymph, adult male and female consumed 113.3, 81.5 and 125.3 eggs of T. absoluta, respectively. The 4th nymphal instar devoured the highest number (30.6 eggs), while the 1st nymphal instar ate the lowest (7eggs). Therefore, N. tenuis was highly effective in controlling T. absoluta eggs under laboratory conditions.

The research aims to identify the current situation of red meat, poultry meat, and fish in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Forecasting, food gap until 2020 for these meat and its impact on the future prospects for its imports has also examined. This will help to design reliable policies for the production, import and export of meat in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research problem is  the increase of domestic consumption of meat due to population growth and inadequate domestic production. This summation the contribute to increase the deficit in the agricultural and food trade balance. The study referee to relative stability in the average production of red meat in the Kingdom during the period (2000-2014) amounting to 120.2 thousand tons, while production increased from both poultry and fish at an annual rate of about 6.2, 3.85 thousand tons, representing about 1.2 %, 4.6% of average annual production of 514.8, 82.2 thousand tons, respectively. At the same time red meat consumption in Saudi was relatively stable and swings around average during the study period amounting to 238.8 thousand tons, while increasing consumption of poultry meat, and fish at an annual rate significantly statistically amounted to about 39.7, 6.2 thousand tons, representing about 4.0%, 3.3 % of the annual average consumption of about 1003.9, 186.6 thousand tons, respectively.  Results revealed that avirtual food gap in Saudi Arabia in each of red meat, poultry meat and fish amounted to about 118.6, 489.2, 104.4 thousand tons, respectively. However, according to the results, food gap has increased from both red meat and fish to reach about 169.2 , 247.5 thousand tons, respectively, While domestic production of poultry meat has achieved surplus in all the years of study, an average of 139 thousand tons , which indicates the presence of extravagance in consumption with an average share of Saudi Arabia's per capita, 39.7 kg , which is close to three times, as much as the average  international per capita, estimated at 15.0 kg average for the period (2011-2014). Results of using Holt Winter,s two- parameters model to predict showed increasing of the virtual food gap from red meat , poultry meat and fish, reaching around 168.95, 822.0, 136.3 thousand tons respectively during 2020.

This study was conducted to estimates the Malmquist productivity indices using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) for 165 countries over 8 regions and classified across 8 groups based on agricultural gross production value during the study period (1980-2007). The total factor productivity including and measure the efforts in the resource allocation, modernization, the technological change, and catch-up efforts in the agriculture sector in any country. While, Malmquist TFP index measures total factor productivity change between two data points by calculating the ratio of the distance function of each data point relative to a common technology. The data used in this study was drawn from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This paper also estimated the technical efficiency, technical efficiency change and technical change for countries in each group and for all those countries as one group.

nacks was made from yellow corn and its blends had contained corn, barley, chickpea, cumin, black cumin, black pepper and lettuce seeds at different levels considerable as lettuce seeds of ingredient and products were defined as physical, chemical and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the chickpea had contained the highest in protein and total lipids 40.60 and 15.50%. The black pepper, chickpea and cumin seeds had contained higher in crude fiber (14.20, 10.71 and 10.50%, respectively). The snacks with lettuce seeds showed that the protein was the highest in group (2) it was 15.04, 16.44 and 17.82 %. Total lipids, crude fiber and ash content were decreased gradually in the snacks from group (1) 4.02, 4.87 and 5.72% and the highest in total lipids in group (2) which contained 4.23, 5.08 and 5.93%, respectively. Hunter color values of snacks control and its different blends from lettuce seeds the group (6) prepared with 60% corn grits and 15, 10 and 5% barley and also 6% lettuce seeds showed that higher in lightness and yellowness till 15% chickpea and nearly control snacks. The highest (WAI) and (WSI) were in groups (1 and 2) respectively made from 40% corn grits and 40, 35, 30 and 25% barley. The sensory properties showed that the extrusion blend (18) made from 20% chickpea and 5% barley the highest acceptability (95%) and nearly control (96%) followed were by 10 and 15% chickpea plus 15 and 10% barley were gave 93.0 and 88.0% during overall acceptability.

The study aimed basically at: describing the actual situation of agricultural crisises in the study area and mechanisms of agricultural extension to face them, describing the levels of agricultural crisises management and studying the differences between extension agents and farmers’ points of view with respect to the agricultural crisises management level in the study area, estimating the gap size between the actual and optimal levels of agricultural crisises management in the study area, identifying the level of respondent farmers utilization of extension activities in the field of facing the agricultural crisises and factors correlated to it, and finally identifying the obstacles of the role of agricultural extension in agricultural crisises management and suggestions to face them from the agricultural agents and farmers points of view. The study was conducted in Sugar Beet on two different categoties of respondents, the first category was the population of agricultural agents in Sugar Beet area (24 agricultural agents), the second category was a systematic random sample of farmers in: Baghdad, Taha El-ameen and Salama Hegazy villages (165 farmers representing 30% of the total number of farmers in the three villages). Data were collected through personal interviews with the selected respondents using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t- test, in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and alpha coefficient.   The most important findings were   First: The most important agricultural crisises in the study area from the agricultural agents point of view were: shortage of irrigation water, climate changes, shortage of agricultural fertilizers, difficulties of agricultural crops marketing, the spread of bird flu disease, shortage of agricultural pesticides, pollution of irrigation water, spread of agricultural pests, spread of diseases of agricultural animals, shortage of veterinary services, agricultural environment pollution and the poor condition of agricultural drainage.   Second: According to describing the agricultural crisises management levels, the findings showed that about 70.8% of respondent agricultural agents clarified that this level was moderate in the study area, while that 64.8% of respondent farmers clarified that this level was low. The findings showed also that there were significant differences between the two average degrees expressing the agricultural agents and farmers’ points of view in respect to agricultural crisises management level in the study area.   Third: According to the gap size between the actual and optimal levels of agricultural crisises management in the study area, the findings showed that the ratio gap was about 36.5%, 52.0% from the agricultural agents and farmers points of view respectively.   Fourth: About 47.9% of respondent farmers showed that their utilization level of extension activities in the field of facing the agricultural ctisises was low. The findings showed also that there was a positive significant correlation relationship between farmers’ utilization level of extension activities in the field of facing agricultural crisises and the following variables: age, educational level, family size, aspiration level, leadership status, public awareness level, organizations membership and cultural openness.   Fifth: The findings also represented some obstacles of the role of agricultural extension in agricultural crisises management and suggestions to face them from the agricultural agents and farmers points of view.

Two field trials were conducted at Giza Research Station, with split plot design with three replicates during the two successive summer seasons in 2012 and 2013. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of cotingen for covering seed by four treatments (zero, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 g kg-1 grain) and six nitrogen fertilizer levels (control, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg fed.-1) on maize yield and yield attributes of single cross 10 cultivar. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the importance of yield components and to predict the yield under different levels of nitrogen and cotingen rates. Nitrogen levels exhibited significant effect for all studied traits, while cotingen were significant for100-kernels weight; shelling% and grain yield traits only. The interaction between cotingen and Nitrogen was significant for row per ear, shelling% and grain yield. Meanwhile, stepwise linear regression analysis showed that 100-kernels weight, number of kernels per row and shelling% were the most important contributing traits to yield (R2 = 82.11%). The nitrogen rates for maximum yield derived from the four statistical models (linear, logarithmic, quadratic, and exponential) describing the response of yield, using the R2statistic to select a model, which shows how each of the models fits the data. The quadratic model best described the yield responses observed in this study. Further confirms the role of nitrogen and cotingen fertilizers in increasing yield production in maize. The 5th N rate under 3rdcotingen (120 Kg fed-1 + 22.5 and 15g kg-1 grain) produced the highest yield being 34.70 and 34.65 ard. fed-1 over all treatments. This is very close to recommendations. The 4th N (90Kg fed-1) rate under any cotingen level produced higher yield than any nitrogen rate only. Economically, considering optimum N fertilization rate, 105.18 Kg fed-1 nitrogen and 22.5 g kg-1 grain cotingen was the most reasonable level. This is considerably below the current recommendation. Therefore, results confirmed that higher cotingen treatment decreased the optimal nitrogen and increased the yield.

Ninety nine yeast isolates were isolated from surface of apple, grape, orange and tomato fruits. The isolates were tested in vivo in preliminary study for biocontrol potential against green mould of navel orange fruit. According to primary screening, twenty two isolates were selected to continue the secondary screening (phase one) using different concentrations of the washed yeast cells in water suspension to evaluate their biocontrol efficacy at 21±1°C. Among twelve yeast isolates were passed to the secondary screening (phase two) at 7±1°C, washed cells of yeast isolates CT 503, CT 507, CT 508, CT 512 and CT 550 at 1x109, 2x108 and 1x108 CFU/ml produced complete protection for 21 days to wounded navel orange fruits inoculated with spore suspension of Penicillium degitatum  (1x104 conidia /ml).  Meantime, no lesions developed on the navel orange fruits treated with the yeast isolates CT 503, CT 507 (Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii strain C) and CT 512 (Endomycopsella vivi) at 6.6x107CFU/ml, while the percentage of rot reduction of the isolate CT 550 (Candida edax) was 99.81%. Culture filtrate of twenty two different yeast isolates used in secondary screening (phase one) did not prevent decay of wounded navel orange fruits but had an inhibitory effect on rot development. The relative abilities of the promising yeast isolates (CT 503, CT 507, CT 512 and CT 550) to induce disease resistance against P. digitatum on navel orange fruits were studied. Inoculation of promising yeast isolates significantly triggered induction of resistance in navel orange fruits. The lesion diameters of green mould 66 hours later after inoculation by spore suspension of P. digitatum  in a neighbouring wound that was made approximately 6 mm away from the initial woundwhich inoculated withthe isolates CT 512, CT 550, CT 507 and CT 503 were reduced by 25.5%, 20.5%, 16.7% and 14.1%, respectively. In this respect, there were no significant differences among the three different isolates CT 503, CT 507 and CT 550.