Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the national strategy to promote national production. The Egyptian food basket suffers from a lack of protein content. Animal production is an integral part of agricultural and national activity as a whole. The average value of Egypt's production of red meat (livestock and slaughtered animals) during the period (2000-2015) was estimated at about 24.7 billion Egyptian pounds, representing about 38.9% the value of animal production of about 63.4 billion Egyptian pounds on average, Of the value of agricultural production of about LE 179.4 billion for the same period. In the light of the results of the case study carried out in the Dina farms in 2015, it can be said that if this method is circulated using the seminal fluid at the level of the Republic 2015 for female cattle in the age group more than two years at the level of the Republic in 2015 it is expected that the number of males about 43,450 thousand head and number Females were 266,9 thousand, 13.9% and 86.1% respectively. The net realized revenues were estimated at LE 129 million for male production, while the net return on females was LE 7.87 billion, which resulted in increased female production of meat and milk, for livestock breeders in Egypt and then increase Agricultural, livestock and national agricultural income as a whole. While in the case of 2015, at the level of the Republic of the same number of cattle in the age group more than two years (at the age of the first vaccination) in the case of artificial insemination and the application of the costs and revenues of the output obtained, it is clear that the net expected return of male production in this year is about 517 million pounds While the net return on female output was LE 5.12 billion, which showed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of profits obtained. The higher the number of female herds through artificial insemination and the consequent increase in female output and the increase in meat and dairy production. Thus, the application of the method of natural vaccination of livestock in Egypt on all females expected for 2020, which is about 603.72 thousand head, the rate of milk production will be about 9100 kg per head during the production season, noting that the average milk production for the head a day about 35 kg and the number The dairy production season is about 260 days average depending on the state of the animal and the environmental and climatic conditions and the method of nutrition and care. Thus, it is expected that the total value of milk production for livestock is about 27.5 billion pounds in 2020, indicating that the increase in milk production in this way than the following method of vaccination The average value of dairy production in this case was estimated at 17.4 billion pounds for the year 2020, an increase of about 10.1 billion pounds by about 63.3%. This is in favor of the method of artificial insemination, resulting in great economic returns for individual farms, commercial farms and the national level as a whole. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of females in 2020 was estimated at 381.6 thousand. The difference is in favor of artificial insemination, with an increase of about 222.1 thousand females. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of males increases by 304,641 thousand head. And fattening of calves due to inheritance of genetic factors affecting the rate of food conversion. Since the average live weight of a live animal at slaughter is about 400 kg for females, about 450 kg for males, it is expected that the amount of meat for females in the case of artificial insemination is about 249.1 million kg in 2020 while the male meat is about 34.6 million kg. Of males in this way, and this is in favor of dairy farms. The expected amount of meat expected for females in the case of IVF is about 152.6 million kg for the year 2020, while the amount of meat from males is about 171.7 million kg. Milk production is noted in this way and is more important for meat farms So as to increase the number of males. In both cases, there is a clear difference between the profits achieved by these two techniques compared to natural vaccination, where there was a significant difference in the rate of net profit, which proves the effectiveness of artificial insemination in the achievement of self-sufficiency of meat and dairy and the promotion of the livestock sector.

Three irrigation water resources were chosen at Kafr-Saqr district, El-Sharkia Governorate to assess their qualities and their impact on soil properties. The chosen irrigation water were fresh, mixed, and drainage water applied during the two successive seasons of winter-summer of (2013 and 2014). Soil samples were collected from each location at four depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm). Results showed EC values of mixed and drainage water were above the normal range (which should be < 0.7 dS.m-1)). Also, the mixed and drainage irrigation waters had approximately 3.5 and 5.6 folds the salinity of the fresh water. Mean pH values of the collected irrigation water samples were within the permissible limits (6.5 to 8.4). TDS values of the fresh water were within the normal range (< 450 mg.L-1). Meanwhile, mixed and drainage water were classified as of slightly and moderately salinity hazards. The highest values of turbidity were found in the drainage water, then mixed and fresh water. SAR values of fresh water were < 1.0.  The SAR values for mixed and drainage waters ranged from 2.62 to 2.69 and from 3.68 to 3.76, respectively. BOD and COD values violated the standard limits of law 48/1982 (10 mg.L-1 for drainage water and 6 mg.L-1 for fresh water) except for the BOD values of fresh water. The increase in pH values for the soil irrigated with the mixed and drainage. The continuous irrigation of soil by wastewater resulted in continuous increase in EC values. As well as, increase the amount of total soluble salts in all layers. The application of the different irrigation waters led to increase in soluble ion.

A total of 75 pyogenic samples were collected from patients examinated for pyogenic infection in Sednawy hospital and Elmokhtaber laboratories. S. aureus isolated from pleural fluid out of five S. aureus (+ve coagulase, MSSA) exhibits resistant against all the concentration of Ciprofloxacin 0.5-20, Gentamycin 0.5- 5.0 µg/100µl and Amikacin 1 µg/100µl. The highest potent of phytoextracts either extracted by water or methanol was detected by clove comparing with mint, thyme, sage and garlic, whereas garlic essential oil gave completely abolish of S. aureus (P.F). The highest synergism was obtained in combination between the lowest inhibitory concentration of Gentamycin 10 µg/100µl  or Vancomycin 1 µg/100µl or Amikacin 2.5 µg/100µl with thyme Eso (1:3), which resulted to increase the efficacy by 4.4 or 1.5 or 1.6 respectively  comparing to recommended dose of the tested antibiotics alone. Increasing the concentration of garlic essential oil (GEso) from 10 up to 100 µl/well increment the efficacy of inhibition up to 10, 3.7 and 4.5- fold when standard dose of Gentamycin, Vancomycin and Amikacin were used individually against S. aureus P.F. The minimum bactericidal concentration of garlic essential oil was recorded at 2 µl/ml as it resulted to reduce the count to be 0.04%. Analysis of garlic essential oil by GC-MS dedicated six sulfur compounds represented 88.8644% of total detected compounds in garlic essential oil.

The poultry production sector occupies an important position among the animal production sectors, as one of the main sources of animal protein in Egypt, with a value of about 32.4 billion pounds, representing about 28.9 % of the value of animal production in 2014. This is due to the features of this sector of the short production cycle, the speed of capital turnover, as well as the high economic return. The problem of the study is the large variation in poultry prices between production areas and consumption areas, Indicating an inefficient transport system, which is considered one of the most important marketing services for this fast food commodity death under the prevailing climatic conditions, thus ensuring that they reach the consumer as quickly as possible. The study aimed is to propose the best transportation model to transport poultry production from surplus with poultry to those of shortage with poultry governorates, to reach the shortest distance marketing to minimize transport costs and time. The study used the transportation problem as one of the operation research tools to rationalize the poultry redistribution between surplus and shortage governorates during three scenarios. The study showed under the assumption of the first scenario (production and consumption are expected firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 817.4 thousand tons represent about  25.3% of the total production of the republic during the year 2020, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 69.9 million units/km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons during 2020. The study also showed that under the assumptions the second scenario (lower production 10% and consumption firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 850.7 thousand tons represent about  29.2% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 76.9 million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.2 million tons, represent about 75.8% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 2.9 million tons. Under the assumption of the third scenario (Production firming and lower consumption 10%) that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 702.3 thousand tons represent about 21.7% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 573. million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons. The study recommended the use of scientific methods to rationalize the transport process between the governorates thus achieving cost and time to transfer at least on the side and the other side reduce wastage circulation which serves to provide the appropriate poultry prices.

This study was conducted to examine explant density and source on production of in vitro potato microtubers, as well as survey of different newly-introduced potato cultivars for their microtuberization capacity at the Plant Tissue Culture Facility of the Department of Horticulture, Suez Canal University between 2014 until 2016. Results indicated that as culture density from single node explants increased, microtuber number and yield/petri dish were also increased. However, at the lowest density (10 explants/petri dish), the % tuberization and the average microtuber weight increased significantly over the higher densities (20, 25 and 30 explants/petri dish). Potato microtuber production from plantlets grown in vitroon microtuberization induction medium (liquid over solid media) was also studied using 5, 10 and 15 plantlets per jar.Results showed that microtuber number and yield/jar increased gradually with increasing plantlet density. However, on per plantlet basis, microtuber number increased at the lowest density. Microtuber yield/jar increased significantly at the highest density (1099 mg/jar) compared to 563.6 mg/jar at the lowest density. Average microtuber weight was also affected by culture density and genotype. At the lowest density, microtubers were significantly heavier than at the high density, and the cv. 'Safrane' recorded the highest weight per microtuber. Regarding the effect of explant source on microtuber production, results indicated that the use of single node explants derived from the top of the plantlet produced more microtubers than those taken from the basal part, or 3 node segments. Explant source also affected microtuber yield/dish. Single nodes from the top produced the highest yield compared to 3-nodes segment from the top (205 vs. 104.8 mg). The highest mean microtuber fresh weight was obtained from the culture of 3-node layered segment from the plantlet base, while single nodes from the top recorded lower microtuber fresh weight. The highest microtuber fresh weight was recorded in cv 'Universa' (114.3 mg) using single nodes from the plantlet base. Differences among the tested potato cultivars in microtuber production were detected.

The current study aims to: 1) identify role's perceptions, expectations and behavior within the family from gender perspective in the study area, 2) identify the differences of perceived, expected practice roles of men and women in rural family, 3) identify the interrelationships between role of gender in rural family and 4) identify factors influencing role perceptions, expectations and behaviors from a gender perspective in rural families. Data were collected from a sample of 110 families in the village of Palestine in the El-Kharga district in The New Valley Governorate using a questionnaire form prepared to achieve the objectives of the study. Data were collected during October and November 2016. The frequencies, percentages, mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test in the presentation and analysis of results. Findings revealed that the relative weight of men's 'perceptions of their role in the household reached 77.88% while the relative weight of women's perceptions of their roles reached 73.03%. 96.36% and 69.09% for role expectations while 71.15% and 68.79% for role behavior of men and women in rural family. The results also indicate significant differences between men and women with regard to perceptions, expectations and behaviors of the social role within the rural family. The results also indicate that there are 11 significant correlations between the levels of the role according to the gender in the rural family. Regarding the factors affecting role perceptions, expectations and behaviors within the family, the results indicate a significant correlation between the type of family as an independent variable with the role perceptions and behaviors of women, the number of family members and the expected role of women, the number of female and role expectations of women in the family. Regarding the social role of men, the results indicate the significance of the correlation between the wives' work status and participation in family expenditure as independent variables with the role perceptions and behavior of the of men within the family.

Decline of grapevine due to soil borne fungi was surveyed during 2013- 2015 summer growing seasons at El-Fayoum, El-Gharbeia and El-Beheira governorates, Egypt, Syndromes of declined grapevine plants included growth retardant of shoot system and root-rot as well as decrease of grapevine fruit yield  quality. Isolation trails from root of declined trees of different grapevine cultivars i.e., superior, flame seedless, King robi and crimson was carried out. The most soil borne fungi associated with root-rotted grapevine were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizoctonia solaniKuhn and Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Gold. Fusarium spp. are the main fungal associated with different infection types of declined root of grapevine either a singly or in combination with B. theobromae or R. solani as second infection type and third infection type with B. theobromae + R. solani. Under soil artificially infested with 5% (w/w) of each fungal isolates inocula of fourteen isolates obtained were varied for causing wilt and root-rot symptoms of grapevine trees and reducing growth parameters plant height, root length, root size, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root than the control. Botrydiplodia theobromae isolate No. (7)was the most caused root-rot and disease severity of shoot and root of grapevine plant(100%)  followed by Fusarium avenacum caused (87.5%) of root –rot and disease severity of shoot and root. Fouthermore, Fusarium avenacum isolate was the most fungal isolate in reducing growth parameters expect root length.  This is first record that Fusarium avenacum as a causal organism causing root rot disease of grapevine in Egypt.

Superior grapevines fertilized with compost, biofertilizers namely (Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus curculanse and Azotoacter Chroococcum), humic acid and two slow release fertilizers namely ( rock phosphate and feldspar ) as a partial replacement of mineral N fertilizers during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Using all substitutes of mineral N fertilizers was favourable than using mineral N alone in enhancing all growth characters, total chlorophylls, nutrients, yield and berries characteristics. Both nitrite and nitrate in the juice were greatly declined in all N management treatments that included the application of all N sources. The best results with regards to yield and berries characteristics of Superior seedless grapevines were recorded on  vines that received 60g N, 60g P and 120g K/ vine/ year ( mineral sources) plus compost II ( 40% cattle manure + 60% rice straw ) at 16 kg./ vine+ the three biofertilizers namely Bacillus megatheium, Bacillus circulanse and Azotobacter chroococcum  + humic acid each at 10ml./ vine/ year.

This study was carried out during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons at a private farm located at Tokh district, Qalubia Governorate. Strawberry fruits ˝festival cultivar˝ to study the effect of active (7.5% O2 +15% CO2 or 10% O2 +10% CO2) and passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on preserving the quality parameters and extend the shelf life of fruits during storage at 0˚C plus shelf life at 10˚C.The results showed that active MAP inhibit the weight loss and decay percentage, maintained fruit texture, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity (TA) and decrease in color development during storage and shelf life. Passive MAP was less effective in reducing the loss of fruits texture, TA and ascorbic acid content. Untreated MAP (control) gave the highest values of weight loss and decay percentage and lowest values of texture, becoming more red and poor appearance after 15 days of storage at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C. The results showed also that the optimum gas composition of MAP tests for strawberry was 7.5% O2 +15% CO2. No decay was observed in active MAP at 7.5% O2 +15% CO2 during the storage period plus shelf life. Furthermore, it also retarded texture, color, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. Finally, the study concluded that storage of strawberry fruits at active MAP of 7.5% O2+ 15% CO2 improved storability of fruits, and maintained fruit quality and gave fruits with good appearance till of 15 days at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C without decay. The shelf life of strawberry after harvest can be extended to 3 days at 0˚C + 2 days at 10˚C by this treatment.

The current study was performed to investigate effect of three water regimes as well as, three different soil conditioners on the yield and fruit quality of tomato. The studied water regimes were namely; 60, 80 and 100% of class A pan. However; the tested soil conditioners were “soil hanz”, “Olygo plus” and “Bioconditioner”. Impact of the two investigated factors was studied separately, as well as, the interaction.  The experiment was carried out at El-Dolify Farm, Khatatba, Monofia Governorate during seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Tomato hybrid Yara F1 was used in this investigation. The obtained results confirmed that, using the “Soil hanz” due to the significant increments in all tested parameters related to the yield and the fruit quality. Moreover; interaction between “Soil hanz” and any of the three tested water regimes was significantly the best in number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, early, marketable and total yield.  In addition; it was concluded from the results that; chemical properties of the tomato fruits were improved by applying the “Soil hanz”. Concerning the water use efficiency, it was found that, all of the tested soil conditioners resulted a significant effect related to water use efficiency compared to un-treated treatment (control).  Whereas, irrigated the tomato plants under this experimental condition confirmed the validation of using the 80% irrigation regime for irrigation without significant losses in the crop yield.