Despite the increase in vegetable exports from 329 thousand ton in the year 2000 to about 3156 thousand tons in 2010, and the increase in vegetable local production from 14.8 million tons to 1019.5 million tons during the same period,the deficit in the agricultural trade balance has increased from $ 11 million in the year 2007 to about $ 18 million in 2012.However, it is noticed that exports of strawberries and artichoke the nontraditional crops, have increased from $ 2.2 million in 2002 to about $ 24.9 million in 2012. For this, the study endeavor to give special concerns to the two products particularly for their high average export prices which have tripled compared with potatoes and onions in recent years. The paper revealed that average exports of strawberries have increased to about 6391 ton and to about 32.6 thousand tons during the period 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 respectively. Belgian market absorbed about 19% and 23 % of the quantity exported during the two periods. Saudi Arabia imported about 11.3 % and 21.4 % of Egyptian strawberries. Egypt has a comparative advantage in producing strawberries as it came the second after Spain. Strawberries face strong competition and the penetration index was put at 0.002 and 0.779 during the two studied periods. This also noticed that Egypt has a relative price advantage compared with Holland, France, Belgium and Spain. For artichoke, the study shows a decrease of average exports from 14.8 thousand tons during the first period to about 11.7 thousand tons during the second period. Italian market absorbed about 64 % and 80 % of total artichoke. Egypt has a relative advantage in producing this crop compared with competing countries. Egypt also price advantage in artichoke compared with Spain, France, and Italy. The paper shows that determinants of total global demand of Strawberries as export to Saudi Arabia, relative price of Saudi price and export price of Egypt and Spain. For artichoke, the determinants were production in Italy, France export price in addition to production and price ratio in French market. The first equation in the econometric model shows that per head consumption of strawberries increases by about 0.95 % with the increase in local production. The second equation in the model shows that per head consumption in important imported countries increases with the increase of per head local production, exchange rate, the increase of per head income in Germany. The study shows that Egyptian –European partnership agreement has its positive effect on strawberries exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.02 % , 0.07 %  and 0.1% with the increase in per head  local consumption in the last year and the decrease each of per head production in Italy and Russia in the last year, respectively. As for artichoke, the study shows in the first equation of the model that average per head consumption has increased by about 1.01 %, 0.01 % and 0.1% with the increase in local production and the decrease each of artichoke exports and Egyptian price, respectively. The second equation in the model shows that per head Egyptian export in important imported countries with the increase by about 1.1% , 1.2% , 1.8% ,2.1% ,4.7% with the increase  each of export prices in France, Italy, Spain, exchange rate and per capita income in Germany , respectively., Per head of Egyptian export of artichoke has Also increased by about 0.97% , 0.2% with the decrease  each of per head consumption in Egypt and export price of Egypt , respectively . The study showed a negative effect of Egyptian European partnership agreement and SPS treaty on artichoke exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.01 % , 1.8 % , 1.4% and 0.38% with the increase in per head  local production in the last year and the decrease all of per head production in Italy , Russia and Greece in the last year , respectively.

Mountain goat in Syria is one of important domestic animals, because its characters can produce and reproduce under the hard environmental conditions, it was used in crossbreeding with Syrian goat as a donor to acclimatization and resistance of diseases traits. In spite of that, this animal is still faraway from the scientific search, Moreover, it was exposed to random crossbreeding with Shami Goat by goat breeders, of which will lead in a long time to loss an important domestic animal genetic source, some of it,s characterizes were not detected. In this search, the genetic diversity among samples of pure mountain goat that exist in Era Station Search in AL-Sowidaa by using (SNP-PCR) was studied. The results indicated that this technique is successful for defining the genetic similarity and variance among samples of goats that under study, Moreover, the locations of some important genes were discovered, and that will help us in starting of genetic mapping for this economic animal.

This research aimed to identify the training needs for agricultural officials in the control of sunn pest affecting wheat in general, and to identify the correlation between training needs and the independent variables surveyed, namely (age, educational level, gender, managerial position and a number of years of service), and to order the items of training needs according to the needs of agricultural officials. The search included all agricultural personnel in Nineveh province, (172) employees, where a simple random sample of them represented by 40% with a rate of (69) employees, were takes. A questionnaire consisting of two parts, was designed. The first part included a number of questions to obtain personal and vocational information for agricultural officials, while the second part included scale to measure the training needs, which included (32) items relating to the training needs, for control of sunn pest affecting the yield of wheat. The questionnaire was offered to the specialists in agricultural extension and in education, to make sure face validity and was also offered to specialists in the plant protection to ensure the content validity for items of the scale. The reliability of the scale was found in siplit-half method. Data was collected during December, 2010.

Egypt depends on the Nile River as a major source of water, it provides about 76.3% of its water requirements, other water sources provides about 23.7% of total water requirements. Agriculture sector is the main consumer of water in Egypt as it consumed about 85.9% of the total actual consumption of water in 2009. The main problem of the present paper is the decrease in the efficiency of water use in Egyptian agriculture. The objective of paper is to assess the efficiency of water use in agriculture in the old and new land Egypt through the use of partial efficiency measures. Results showed that in average of the cost of irrigation per feddan during the period (1998-2009), that was for winter crops in the old lands as follows: 85.3, 105.8, 119.3, 127.3 pounds/feddan for faba bean, sugar beet, alfalfa sustained, wheat at a cost of irrigation per feddan of which respectively. For summer crops in old land cost was about 114.7, 129.5, 139.8, 156.2, 217.8, 606.1 pounds/ feddan at a cost of, sesame, soybean, peanut, corn, rice, sugar cane, respectively.   For the winter crops in the new lands irrigation cost per feddan was about L.E 99.3, 169.0 for garlic and onion respectively. Summer crops in the new lands irrigation costs for watermelon, cucumber, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes were as follows: L.E 92.4, 133, 138.7, 139.8, 157.7, 194.3 pounds/ feddan respectively. The results of the statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures showed that, according to the criterion of net revenue from the water unit - winter crops on the old land as follows: alfalfa, wheat, faba bean, and sugar beet. As for the summer crops of old land the results showed of the statistical estimate of the partial-efficiency measures that peanuts, corn, sesame, sugar cane, rice, soybeans respectively. In the new lands the results of statistical analysis for the partial- efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit for winter crops were garlic followed by the first crop of onions. As for the summer crops, the results of statistical analysis of partial -efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit came summer crops in the new lands, were as follows: potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, pepper. The results in general indicated the necessaries of reconsidering the present structure of cropping pattern to increase the efficiency of irrigation water use.

The study amid to investigate the stability of production and Egyptian exports of onion and analysis of production policy of the crop. This is to show the economic effects of taxation and the support of the crop on the production and the comparative advantage of the crop to redistribute the Egyptian exports of onions so as to increase the value of exports of the crop. The results of the analysis indicate that values of nominal protection coefficient of Tradable output, nominal protection coefficient of Tradable input were, 0.90, 0.93 and 0.90 in 2010 year, respectively indicating that producers did not obtain the real prices of their production  which turned to the form of support to the consumer. On the other side, theDomestic Resource cost was 0.20 in the year of 2010 indicating the comparative advantage in the onion production. Results of stepwise multiple regression of the factors affecting the Egyptian exports showed that feddan productivity, the farm price and export price of U.S onion have statistical significant effect on the quantity of exports with F value being 17.82 the above factors contribute at 86% of the total factors affecting the onion exports during the study period (1995-2010). The results of linear programming showed that a minimum limit of Egyptian exports of onion to the importing countries, is necessary so as to the Egyptian exports of onion do not lose any foreign markets which, in turn, increase the value of onion exports by 44.64% compared to the current value in order to take advantage of importing the promising markets of onion crop, such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, the Netherlands and Italy.

This study aimed to establishing a protocol for producing in-vitro plants of Rosa Damascene. The culture was conducted at the Commission of Biotechnology in Damascus. Four types of explants were cultured on MS medium and some factors affecting culture were examined. The results showed that no viruses were observed, the lateral buds were superior over other explants, then the lateral microcuttings, after that, the apical micro-cuttings, and, finally, the shoot tips. The highest multiplication rate was observed at the hormonal combinations of (benzyl adenine BA 3mg/l with indole-3-acetic acid  IAA 0.1 mg/l), and the highest elongation average were observed at ( IAA 0.1 mg/l with BA 2-6mg/l) or ( indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 0.1 with (BA) 5-6 mg/l). The transferring was positively effective. The highest rooting percentage was observed when naphthalene acetic acid NAA or IBA were used. (Berlite: peatmoss, 1:1) was the best growing medium for hardening.

The experiment was conducted through two successive seasons of 2008 and 2009 at El-Bosaily farm, El-Behira governorate at the North Coastal of the Nile Delta, in Egypt. This work aimed to study the effect of three green-house covers (polyethylene sheet, white and black net) and three irrigation levels [80%, 100% and 120% of the potential evapotranspiration estimated according to class A pan equation (ETo)], applied by drip irrigation system, on plant growth and crop yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Reda F1). The experimental design was split- plot with three replicates. The results showed that white net green-house cover optimized growth and yield of cucumber plant. White net cover treatment recorded the highest vegetative growth (plant height, number of leaves, total leaves area, total fresh and dry weights), and significantly increased total yield. The highest vegetative growth was obtained by 100% ETo compared to 80 and 120% ETo treatments. The interaction among water treatment and green-house cover indicated the highest vegetative growth and crop yield were obtained under white net cover with 100% ETo.

Two successive field experiments during two seasons of 2008 and 2009, were carried out to evaluate some safety treatments including: mulching, tunnels, natural yeast extract, antioxidant and two rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens towards root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on strawberry plant grown in naturally infested soil and consequently their probable effects on growth parameters, chemical components and yield of strawberry compared to untreated control. Results of this study confirmed that all used treatments, significantly reduced all related nematode parameters i.e. number of galls/root system; number of egg masses/root system as well as number of juveniles/250 g soil ﴾either after 2 or 4 months﴿ when compared to plants grown in the naturally infested soil only. The highest percentage of reduction in all related nematode parameters were noticed after 4 months. Mulching, S. marcescens, P. fluorescens and tunnels, played an important role in reducing the percentage of nematode parameters. Mulching and S. marcescens reduced the percentage of gall numbers/root system by 77%, followed by tunnels by 75% and P. fluorescens by 70%. S. marcescens reduced the percentage of egg masses/root system by 80% followed by P. fluorescens by 78% and mulching by 76%. Results indicated that the soil treated with mulching, also significantly reduced the percentage of juvenile numbers/250 g soil by 79% followed by S. marcescens by 73%. Results confirmed also that all used treatments significantly increased all related plant growth characters viz. leaves, stems, root fresh and dry weight; plant height, leaves number, root length as well as false stem length. Moreover, these treatments significantly increased the activity of some oxidative enzymes e.g. peroxidase and phenoloxidase as well as some other chemical components i.e. total soluble solids (T.S.S %) and vitamin C (V.C). Results revealed that all previous treatments significantly increased the early and total yield. Our results confirmed that, the rhizobacterium S. marcescens came in the first rank as a promoter of all related plant growth characters, followed by tunnels and mulching treatments. Results confirmed that also the antioxidants, are considered the effective one in enhancing the activities of peroxidase and phenoloxidase as well as T.S.S% and V.C followed by the natural yeast extract

Field trials were conducted during 2005 and 2006 seasons at Minofia governorate to evaluate the effect of planting date of three cowpea cultivars on their infestation rate with cowpea pod borer, Etiella zienckenella. For each cowpea cultivar planted at each tested date, the numbers of bores and larvae were counted in green and dry pods as well as in dry seeds and the means were obtained to estimate the degree of insect infestations. Results indicated that, regardless the planting date in both seasons, Kream7 was the highest resistant cultivar to insect infestation followed by Kaha1 and then Kafr El Shikh1. On the other hand, regardless the cowpea cultivar, the rate of insect infestation was greatly reduced at the early plantation. Thus, selection of Kream7 cultivar and early  plantation could be involved in reducing E. zinckenella infestation and subsequently increase the cowpea yield. These studies clearly demonstrated that several non-insecticidal approaches have great potential for cowpea pod borer  Etiella zinckenella  management. These approaches include some of integrated pest management strategies which can effectively prevent or reduce infestation

The present study was carried out to verify the variation of short fiber content (SFC) and its importance. The instruments and/ or methods used to measure short fiber include High Volume Instrument (HVI), Fibrograph 630 and Suter-Webb array. Materials used in this study included the extra-long and long staple varieties with wide range of lint grades. The three measures of short fiber especially, Suter-Webb-SFC exhibited high variations for lint grades and low variations for cotton varieties. Suter-Webb short fiber shows higher values than the HVI and Fibrogragh short fiber. Results indicate that most of the fiber and yarn quality properties are strongly correlated with each of the three measures of short fiber content. Comparisons between the three measures indicate that they correlate well with each other. Highly significant regression model was developed to predict short fiber content from maturity percentage, fiber length, length uniformity and fiber strength. The closer normalized short fiber content (NSF) is to 1 (or 100%), the higher the agreement between SFC and predicted short fiber content (PSF).