The present study has been carried out on ten stands of Anabasis articulata in Egypt. The relationships between the studied Anabasis articulata stands have been demonstrated as dendrogram based on the morphology, anatomy and some chemical constituents of the plants. Four characteristic ecotypes of Anabasis articulata have been recognized: (i) xerophytic ecotype in the stands of Belbase desert and Sudr El Hytat-Nekhl Road, (ii) xero - halophytiç ecotype in the stands of the Eastern Desert, Sinai Desert, Kattamia-Ain Sukhna Road, Isthmic desert (Fayid), Adabia and Saint Katherine, (iii) halophytic ecotype in the stands of the Red Sea Costal region, Ras Sudr and Hammam Faraon, Sinai and (iv) halo-xerophytic in the stands of the Nekhl-El Hasana and El Hasana-El Quseima Roads. These ecotypes differ, remark-ably, morphologically, anatomically and chemically. This may be due to the varia-tion in climatic and soil characteristics of the habitats

The present work aimed to establish a protocol to minimize the potential effect of in-vitro preservation for 8 months of the two olive cultivars i.e Koronaiki and Kalamata. Three culture conditions (treatments) were chosen to investigate the most suitable one for minimizing somaclonal variations after the process of in vitro preservation. The conditions include MS medium plus mannitol, MS medium plus low temperature and MS medium plus naphthaline acetic acid. RAPD-based finger-printing was employed to determine the effects of the different chemical constituents and other culture conditions on the extent of somaclonal variations after 8 months of in vitro preservation at the DNA level. Four arbitrary primers (OPA-04, -07, -14 and -16) were successfully utilized to achieve such goal. The obtained results showed that Mannitol has more pronounced effect than the other investigated preservation culture and conditions for decreasing DNA alterations.

F1 and F2 seeds of four crosses were formed during 2001 and 2002 growing sea-sons. The F2 population’s plants were evaluated during 2003 growing season under the two planting dates (14th May and 29th June) to estimate the phenotypic correla-tion coefficients among eight plants characters and their contributions in the varia-tion of grain yield/ plant at the Agric. Res. Stat. of Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt. Results showed that grain yield/ plant under normal planting date correlated positively and significantly - in most cases - with each of ear diameter, ear length, number of kernels/ row, 100-kernel weight, number of rows/ ear, ear height, plant height and days to silking, while under late planting date, it correlated with each of number of kernels/ row, ear diameter, 100-kernel weight, ear length, number of rows/ ear, ear height and days to silking. Path coeffi-cient analysis estimates indicated that ear diameter; ear length and number of ker-nels/ row can be considered as the most important sources of plant grain yield varia-tion under normal planting date while, under late planting date they were number of kernels/ row, ear diameter, 100-kernel weight and ear length. It was concluded that each of ear diameter, ear length and ear length through its indirect effects via ear di-ameter are considered as the most important sources of plant grain yield variation.

Comparative detailed vegetative anatomical investigation for stems, leaves and foliar details of the 7 studied taxa of the genus Tribulus in Egypt has been carried out in order to its reclassification based on internal structures. Accurate drawings for each of the studied organs are outlined into cumulative plates. Also an artificial in-dented dichotomous key has been constructed. Variation in number of basal vascular bundles (2 or 1) into the small leaflet-blade within the large leaf is utilized in classi-fying the studied taxa into two Groups. The 1st contained 5 taxa with 2 main bundles while the 2nd included 2 taxa each with single and unique basal bundle/small leaflet. Members of Gp.I are distinguished according to differences in : phloem & cambium characters, presence of 2 distinct glandular trichome types, stem outline & vascular cylinder contents, no. of petiolar vascular strands from base to apex, type of cuticle, type of pericyclic sclerenchymatous patches and others. On the other hand, variation in nature of starch sheath cells (from storing crystals to empty) and presence or ab-sence of schizogenous carnals in pith are found diagnostic in separating both mem-bers in Gp. II.

The present work was carried out to study the population dynamics of the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.) and related parasitoids and predators on apricot trees, during the two successive seasons, 2003 and 2004, at Qalubia Gover-norate. The obtained data revealed that, the occurrence of H. pruni on apricot trees covered 5 months (from February to June). The mean total numbers of this aphid species per season were 1.78 (0.01-6.37) and 2.83 (0.00-10.01) individuals./leaf. The maximum numbers of H. pruni were recorded during the 2nd weeks of April, 2003 and 2004. No aphid individuals were observed during the period extended from July to September, in the two studied seasons. Four species of parasitoids; namely Aphidius matricariae Hal., Lysiphylbus sp. (1ry parasitoids) and 2 species of Alloxysta spp. (2ry parasitoids) were recorded during this study, attacking H. pruni. These parasitoid species were found during nearly three months of each season, in connection with the population density of the previous aphid species. The first para-sitoid was the highest in its numbers. The total numbers of predatory species per season were 407 and 1082 individuals, in the two studied seasons, 2003 and 2004, respectively. The maximum monthly occurrence of these predatory species was dur-ing April, 2003 (146 individuals) and April, 2004 (581 individuals), respectively. The predator Chrysoperla septempunctata L. had the highest percentages of occur-rence among other recorded predatory species (52.83 and 73.01%, respectively). In general, the parasitoid A. matricariae and the predator C. septempunctata, could be mass reared and released for controlling H. pruni on apricot trees with other availa-ble safe control methods developed in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against this pest.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors that affect the health of both infants and young mothers. In such a case, 60 young mothers living in the area of Mecca of 14 to 16 years old were considered. The results showed that 53.3% of the mothers have finished their pregnancy with normal weight, while 40% of the mothers got pregnant when they were less than 16 years old, which lead to acquiring a lot of diseases. On the other hand, 60% of the mothers preferred the governmentally runned hospitals to deliver their babies and 83% of the cases delivered normally. Most of the studied cases delivered for the second time with one-year gap between the first pregnancy and the second one (28%). The percent of natural feeding among were screened. The results showed that only 11.65 of the cases breast-feed their children. The miscarriage happened only once in 26% of the cases and twice in 6.6% of the cases. The health of the children was normally good in 73% of the children while 50% of the children suffered from physiological jaundice, vomiting (21%), constipation (13%). In genera, there was direct relationship between the weight of the child and its health. The study of nutritional history of the cases clarified that most of the mothers preferd to have white bread with a level of 66.6% then rice (31.67%), followed by brown bread, potato (31.67), 25% consequently. There was an increase in sugar consumption (71.67%) then chocolate (51.61%). Protein uptake was mainly by eating chicken once a week (75%) with recognizable decrease in the protein milk uptake and therefore this study stressed on the importance of spreading of the health awareness regarding different issues including the nutritional habits.

Cotton in Egypt has an important economic situation. Thus the study aimed to evaluate the expected economic effects and productivity of environmental factors on Egyptian cotton production. This comes by predicting production yield value and evaluating its return due to cultural and environmental desired and undesired variables. So, convenient production pattern could be determined to obtain maximum yield under these variables effect. The study clarified that expected cotton yield under desired environmental variables will be ranges between 4169-4336 thousand quintar, with an average equal 4253 thousand quintar. This production will realize national net income ranges between 429.37- 474.68 million L.E., with an average equal 452.03 million L. E. Meanwhile, the expected cotton yield under undesired environmental variables ranges between 3171- 3338 thousand quintar with an average equals 3255 thousand quintar. This yield will realize national net income ranges between 33.37- 78.60 million L. E. with an average equals 55.99 million L.E. The study also indicated that cotton crop is one of the extremely affected crops by the environmental and cultural variables extended in its production zones due its long life period. This is detected by its decrease in the production value undesired environmental factors, where this decrease ranges between 23.02% to 23.94% of the

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of two bacterial commercial products of B. thuringiensis (Dipel 2x and Protecto) on eggs and the newly hatched larvae of pink bollworm, P.gossypiella. Different concentrations of both commercial products of B. thuringiensis were tested. The results showed that the percentage of larval mortality increased by increasing concentration and the period after treatment, calculated LC50s values after 3-7 days of treatment. Treatment of eggs did not affect, significantly, the hatchability. While the percentage mortality of newly hatched larvae produced from the treated eggs was high according to the concentrations used.

The work was conducted to clarify the efficiency of certain insecticides on the population of whitefly B. tabaci and incidence of yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato field. The experiment was carried out during Nili plantation of two successive seasons at El-Fayoum governorate. The obtained data showed that the alternate use of etofenprox /thiamethoxam; imidacloprid/ thiamethoxam; acetamiprid/ etofenprox; single continuous application of etofenprox; etofenprox / imidacloprid; acetamiprid/ imidacloprid; thiamethoxam/ acetamiprid; imidacloprid; thiamethoxam and acetamiprid gave excellent initial mortality over 90% on the adult stage of B. tabaci and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus without significant differences between treatments. Thimethoxam as soil drench proved to be the most effective insecticide against adult and immature stages of whitefly, while acetamiprid achieved the lowest mortality for these two stages as well as short residual mortality. On the other hand, alternation of etofenprox / imidacloprid showed the highest initial mortality on nymphs. Residue levels in tomato fruits were also investigated at 30, 45 and 60 days after application of tested insecticides. For imidacloprid residues were found in amounts nearly above maximum residue levels MRLs 30 days while degraded to amounts below MRL by the progression of time to 45 and 60 days after application. Application of imidacloprid in alternate spray program with thiamethoxam; etofenprox; acetamiprid resulted in residues below MRL at the 3 preharvest intervals. Acetamiprid when used at the recommended rate showed the residue of 0.36 mg/kg at early season and then decreased to 0.08 mg/kg at late season. Alternate use of acetamiprid with thiamethoxam; etofenprox or imidacloprid reduce MRLs in tomato fruits. The successive applications of etofenprox alone at the recommended rate resulted in residues above MRL after 30 and 45 days and approximately near MRL at 60 days. On the other hand, the half rate in alternative use with imidacloprid; acetamiprid or thiamethoxam showed residues below MRL at all sampling intervals. Thiamethoxam when used in single successive applications gave residues of 2.5, 1.9 and 1.5 mg/kg at the 3 preharvest intervals, respectively

This study has been conducted to investigate the possibility of using flour of wheat grain var. Research-32, cultivated locally in the Republic of Yemen, in making high quality bread.  Moisture content, specific weigh and weight of 1000 grains were determined.  Wheat grains of the new cultivars were treated and milled into flour of 72% extraction.  Chemical and Rheological characteristics of the extracted flour were tested against those of SNABLE wheat flour (a mixture of wheat grains of different varieties).  Physical and organoleptic characteristics of loaf made of wheat flours were also evaluated.  Results indicated that wheat grains of Research-32 were characterized by its high specific weight, weight of 1000 grains and extraction rate.  Percentages of total protein, wet gluten and water absorption capacity. Research-32 wheat flour was found to be significantly higher (α 0.05) than that of SNABLE wheat flour.  Results of sensory evaluation of loaf showed that Bread made of Research-32 wheat flour treated with 0.0% and 0.3% lecithin were higher in organoleptic characteristics than those made of SNABLE wheat flour.