Wheat is an essential staple food in the developing world, where demand is projected to grow exponentially in the future; simultaneously, climate changes are projected to reduce supply in the near future. One of the main consequences of climate change is salinity, which negatively impacts the world's cultivated area and therefore affects the global wheat production. Our objectives are to study the population structure of several Egyptian and international wheat accessions and to identify the genetic factors controlling the salinity stress response of bread wheat. In addition, we have attempt to identify genes that control some important agronomic parameters of wheat under salinity stress were identified. The wheat germplasm panel consisted of 70 accessions obtained from Egypt, Syria and Iran. The assessment of salinity tolerance was conducted over the years of 2018 and 2019 in the field and in the greenhouse. The genome association analysis (GWAS) and population structure analysis was conducted using six SCoT, five SSR and 93 SNP markers. Analysis of the population structure using allele frequency and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the studied wheat accessions were belong to four population groups. Where, for the most portion, Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian accessions are clustered depending on their country of origin. The GWAS analysis revealed 13 SNP markers that were significantly associated with morpho-agronomic wheat traits during salinity stress. These markers were closely related to genes that are known to have a direct link to wheat response to salinity stress such as CYP709B2, MDIS2, STAYGREEN, PIP5K9, and MSSP2 genes. This study revealed the genetic structure of adapted and imported wheat accessions, which could be used to select potential wheat accessions for local breeding programs. In addition, the SNP genotyping assay is a very potential technology that could be efficiently applied to detect genes that control bread wheat response to salinity stress.

The research aimed to measuring the Efficiency of the Agricultural Economic Resources Used in Summer Tomato Production in Alexandria Governorate, the research is relied on using of some descriptive and quantitative economic analysis methods in data analysis, especially Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, based on field data collected during the 2020 season from 30 summer tomato's farmers in Alexandria Governorate. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which can be reviewed as follows: (1) The overall efficiency criteria for a feddan of summer tomatoes in the research sample are: the net return is about 12.52 thousand pounds, the income over variable costs is about 17 thousand pounds, the benefitcosts ratio is about 1.41, and the profit of the spent pound is about 0.41 pounds. (2) The average Scale Efficiency was about 95.6%, which means that the percentage of exploitation of economic resources used in production in summer tomato farms in the research sample was about 95.6%, indicating that there is a possibility of expansion of 4.4% to reach the optimum volume of production on these farms. (3) The average Technical Efficiency according to the (BCC) model is about 98.4%, and this confirms the possibility of increasing the summer tomato production by 1.6% without increasing the amount of economic resources used. (4) Inefficient farms can achieve complete technical efficiency as reference farms by reducing the economic resources used, which are: the human labor by 7.22%, the automated work hours by 8.36%, the seedlings by 2%, the fertilizer Municipal by 4.62%, nitrogen fertilizer by 4.39%, phosphate fertilizer by 4.96%, potassium fertilizer by 4.93%, and pesticides by 6.81%, while keeping the same volume of production of summer tomatoes research sample. (5) The average Allocative Efficiency of summer tomato farms was about 79.7%, which means that re-employing the used economic resources will save about 20.3% of the production cost through adopting better technology and optimal employment of resources. (6) The average Cost-Efficiency of summer tomato farms in the research sample was about 78.4%, which means that production costs can be reduced by about 21.6% of the current production costs without affecting the production level of summer tomatoes. (7) Achieving the technical efficiency of summer tomato production at the level of Alexandria Governorate the following: (a) Increasing production by 13.07 tons, with a monetary value estimated at 23.59 milliom pounds, (b) providing an area of agricultural land with a horizontal expansion of 586.12 feddans, which is equivalent to the increase achieved In production as a result of raising technical efficiency, (c) rationalizing the use of irrigation water in Alexandria, with a total of about 2.04 million m3 , which is the amount of savings achieved in irrigation water that is necessary for the area of land that has been provided in Alexandria. In light of the findings of the research, it recommends the necessity; (1) Educating summer tomato farmers about the optimal the economic resources used in production to reach the optimum volume of production, (2) Reduce the prices of agricultural production inputs and provide them in a timely manner so that the farmer does not resort to the black market, (3) Issuing advisory bulletins to confront the changing climate and high temperatures in summer tomato cultivation.

یعد محصول القمح من أهم محاصیل الحبوب الغذائیة فی مصر و یعتبر سلعة إستیراتیجیة، وتعتبر مصر أکبر مستورد للقمح علی مستوی العالم، ودائما تتجه الدول النامیة لإستیراد المواد الغذائیة التی تعانی عجزاً فی إنتاجها لسد العجز الغذائی لها و یلاحظ أن کمیة الواردات المصریة من القمح تزداد سنویا حیث زاد المتوسط السنوی لکمیة الواردات المصریة من القمح خلال فترة الدراسة (2001- 2018) من 6.9 إلی 11 ملیون طن، وقد ظهرت مشکلة البحث أن غالبیة الدراسات تهتم بالتعرف علی العوامل المحددة للکمیات الواردة من القمح و فی المقابل لایوجد إهتمام ملحوظ بالعوامل المحددة لجودة تلک الواردات لذلک إستهدف البحث الوقوف علی أهم العوامل المحلیة التی تؤثر علی الکمیات الواردة من القمح، و کذلک أهم العوامل التی یعزی إلیها أسباب الرفض لبعض الکمیات غیر المطابقة لمواصفات الجودة والسلامة ومن هذا الهدف الرئیسی تندرج مجموعة من الأهداف الفرعیة تتمثل فی دراسة تطور الواردات المصریة من القمح، دراسة التوزیع الجغرافی للواردات المصریة من القمح، التعرف علی أهم العوامل الداخلیة المؤثرة علی کمیة الواردات المصریة من القمح، الأسباب المختلفة للرفض وفق التشریعات و المواصفات القیاسیة المصریة ذات العلاقة. واوضحت النتائج أن أهم العوامل الداخلیة المؤثرة علی کمیة الواردات المصریة من القمح تتمثل فی السعر الإستیرادی والإنتاج المحلی وعدد السکان، حیث تبین من التقدیر الإحصائی وجود علاقة طردیة تتفق مع المنطق الإقتصادی بین کمیة الواردات من القمح و بین عدد السکان و ثبتت معنویتها إحصایاً حیث أنه کلما زاد عدد السکان بمقدار ملیون نسمة تزداد کمیة الواردات بمقدار معنوی إحصائیاً بلغ حوالی 0.32 ملیون طن، کما إتضح أیضاً وجود علاقة عکسیة متفقة أیضا مع المنطق الإقتصادی بین کمیة الواردات من القمح و الإنتاج المحلی ثبتت معنویتها إحصائیاً حیث أنه کلما زاد الإنتاج المحلی بمقدار ملیون طن تنخفض کمیة الواردات بمقدار معنوی إحصائیاً بلغ نحو 1.03 ملیون طن سنویاً. کما تبین أیضاً عدم ثبوت معنویة تأثیر متوسط قیمة الوحدة الإستیرادیة حیث أن القمح سلعة إستیراتیجیة لایمکن الإستغناء عنها. کما تبین انه خلال الفترة (2007 – 2018) رصد عدد الرسائل المرفوضة من أهم الدول الموردة للقمح لمصر وأسباب رفضها لعدم مطابقتها للمواصفات و التشریعات المصریة حیث بلغ إجمالی عدد الرسائل المرفوضة فی تلک الفترة تقریباً 2937 رسالة بکمیة بلغت حوالی 2664.87 ألف طن وفیما یتعلق بأهم أسباب زیادة نسبة المرفوض من الواردات المصریة من القمح تبین أنها ترجع إلی إرتفاع نسبة الشوائب التی تتمثل فی إرتفاع نسبة حبوب القمح التالفة هذه النسبة تبلغ حوالی 55.5% من إجمالی أسباب الرفض، بینما جاءت مشکلة المواد الغریبة الغیر عضویة فی المرکز الثانی بنسبة حوالی 42.7 % من إجمالی أسباب الرفض.

A field experiment was conducted during autumn plantation in season 2017 at Qaha, Qalubiya Governorate to evaluate the efficiency of ten different control agents; four of them are biorational components (garlic extract, rosemary oil + sunflower oil, sesame oil and chili oil), three of them are natural pesticide (Techno Oil, Top9 and Berna Star), one agent of them is bio-pesticide (bio-fly) and two chemical pesticide (Blanch 48% SC, Mospilan 20% SP) in reducing the population densities of Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae on Hatma potato cultivar. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the ten tested compounds in reducing the population density of B. tabaci nymphs; Mospilan 20% SP was the most potent compounds in reducing the population density of B. tabaci nymphs causing the highest reduction percentage (83.58 %), while Top9 gave a low effect with reduction percentage (49.32%) and Bio-fly gave moderate reduction percentage (63.92%). These compounds could be divided into two groups according to the reduction percentage: 1st group contains Mospilan 20% SP, Blanch 48% SC (chemical pesticides), Berna Star and Techno Oil (natural pesticides), respectively. 2nd group contains on Bio-fly (bio-pesticide), sesame oil, garlic extract, chili oil, rosemary oil + sunflower oil (biorational components), and Top9 (natural pesticide) on B. tabaci nymphs. Results also revealed that there were significant differences between the mean of general reduction percentage of the ten tested compounds on T. urticae population. Mospilan 20% SP recorded the highest reduction percentage (73.1 %), (rosemary oil + sunflower oil) treatment recorded the lowest reduction percentage 41.97% and Top9 gave moderate reduction percentage (60.03%). These compounds could be divided into two groups: 1st group contains on Mospilan 20% SP, Techno Oil, Blanch 48% SC, garlic extract, Top9, chili oil, sesame oil and Berna Star respectively. 2nd group contains on Bio-fly and (rosemary oil + sunflower oil) respectively

Dietary exposure to a variety of heavy metals, including Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Hg, has been identified as a danger to human health through fruits and vegetables, contamination of heavy metals is known as a grave risk to our climate. The study aims to develop empirical models to predict the concentration of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Hg) in the leaves of Citrus and Mango crops. The study was carried out in an observation site in Giza governorate that is cultivated by varied herbaceous and tree cover crops. This study area is suffering from severe pollution caused by near industrial district. The sample collected from deferent zones that are divided to six spatial zones and coded by from zone (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The distance between each Zone 10 Km that extends from the north to south and covers 60% from the Agriculture area in the Giza governorate. The main inputs of the generated models were spectroscopic remotely sensed data and laboratory analytical measurements of heavy metals in crop leaves. ASD (Analytical Spectral Devices) field spectro-radiometer was used to calculate hyper-spectral vegetation indices. Modeled heavy metal concentrations were tested against laboratory analysis through two common statistical tests; the Correlation of determination (R2) and Root Mean square (RMSE) error between predicted modeled heavy metals. Results shown the correlation coefficient of the generated models, red and near-infrared spectral bands demonstrated high precision and sufficiency for mango and citrus leaves to predict heavy metals. The models produced refer to specific regions with the same conditions. The overall results imply that hyper-spectral vegetation indices could be correlated with heavy metal content, while heavy metal content in plants may be influenced by many others. Remote sensing spectroscopy is a possible and promising technology to track the environmental pressures on agricultural vegetation. Additional ground remote sensing experiments are needed to assess the possibility of hyper-spectral reflectance spectroscopy in monitoring the stress of different types of metals on various plants.

Because water scarcity anticipated to increase within the destiny in particular with growing global population and the rise in prosperity problem of the shortage of water suitable for cultivation of meals plants inside the global is growing in arid and semi-arid regions. There is the call to discover some other plant resource that doesn’t need freshwater i.e. able to grow using seawater. It is worth to note that Salicornia sp. and Sarcocornia sp. may be grown at the seawater. Currently, considered one of the most crucial issues dealing with Egypt is a way to provide food within the frame of limiting to be had soils for cultivation, limitation of water resources, especially after Ethiopian Nahda Dam and growing in population. Accordingly, the use of halophytes forage plants (Salicornia and Sarcocornia) using seawater has emerged as one in all the most exciting and intelligent research points. Therefore, a case observe was carried out in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the nutritional status of Salicornia and Sarcocornia plants which can be grown on salty water in the North Coast of Egypt. Five samples of Salicornia and Sarcocornia amassed from Damietta Port Said coastal road and identified depends on phenotypic homes to Sarcocornia perennis (DA), Sarcocornia perennis (PS), Sarcocornia fruticosa, Salicornia europaea and Salicornia herbacea. Proximate composition analyses were carried out. It turned into obtrusive that, among dry biomass, carbohydrate has become in the most important proximate compositions in the Sarcocornia sp. and Salicornia sp. Tissues observed through ash. Molecular evaluation by SCoT techniques turned into done for Salicornia and Sarcocornia. The SCoT molecular marker techniques reach producing reproducible and dependable amplicons. Even though that the SCoT technique became higher in assessment for molecular variety and discrimination ability for all studied Salicornia and Sarcocornia.The results obtained have shown that the high nutritional value of the plant in terms of protein content, carbohydrates content and as a result, it is suitable for food

Temporal and spatial soil variabilities reduce the accuracy of quantifying the hydraulic properties of the soil, leading to poor irrigation management. Modeling estimation and computer codes (e.g., RETC code) have been used to quantify and predict soil hydraulic properties. One hundred soil samples were collected to represent soil textural classes according to USDA textural triangle. Following the physical, chemical and hydraulic characterization of the soil samples collected, one soil sample was chosen to represent each texture class. The selected soil samples covered six USDA textural classes. Then, Brooks-Corey (B-C) (1964) and van Genuchten (vG) (1980) parametric models were used to describe the functional relationship between soil water tension and water content, i.e. the soil water retention curve, and the Mualem (1976) theoretical models of pore size distribution were used to predict the functions of unsaturated conductivity K (θ) and soil water diffusivity D (θ). The RETC (retention curve) code was used to obtain the parameters of vG and B-C models by simultaneously matching to the observed data. Output file of refining process showed the iteration levels to achieve minimum value of residual summed square (RSSQ).The values of determination coefficient (R2) of the fitted θ (h) as a power function increased after fitting the experimental data either in B-C or in vG models. The values of R2 of the fitted equation of θ (h) with both B-C and vG data increased after refining process through RETC code. The increments of R2 values after refining are more pronounced in coarse textured samples (Sand, Loamy sand, and Sandy loam).The values of determination coefficient (R2) of the fitted functions K (θ) and D (θ) as a power function are highly significant after fitting soil parameters either in B-C or in vG models. While using RETC code refined the obtained soil parameters of both K (θ) and D(θ) increasing R2 values of fitted power function and reducing residual summation square. RETC reduced the value of residual summed square (RSSQ) of the objective function O(b) under using both B-C and vG models. This reduction of RSSQ by using RETC fluctuated between 60.4% and 98.2% with B-C for six soil textural classes. While, the reduction of RSSQ by using RETC fluctuated between 90.4% and 98.6% with vG for the same six soil textural classes. In general, the RETC code is a good tool for obtaining accurate values of hydraulic properties in a variety of soil textures.

Vegetables export in general and tomatoes crop in particular are facing serious challenges in Egypt with regards to declining competitiveness in global markets in addition to some other challenges related to the ability to penetrate global markets and the variation in prices for different importing countries. This is in addition to the variation in demand conditions in importing markets. Through reviewing the competitiveness indicators for this crop. the paper shows that the quantity and value of tomato exports was highly fluctuating during the period under investigation. The lowest value was recorded in 2000 and amounted to 1.7 thousand tons. The maximum value was recorded in 2013 and amounted 74.8 thousand tons. Since then. the variable showed high fluctuation until 2018 where the quantity exported reached 41.8 thousand tons. The exporting value also was fluctuating. It reached its lowest in 2000 and amounted to 454 thousand dollars while the maximum reached around 728.7 thousand in 2015. The value decreased to 488.6 thousand in 2018 while the tomato exports also fluctuated since 2000 till 2007 and reached its maximum in 2017 with around $1513 /tons. The value showed a fluctuating trend where it reached around $1169/ton. The Saudi market dominated the market with around 37.16% of total Egyptian tomatoes exports. whether fresh or frozen. The paper also shows that the export competitiveness index for tomatoes during the mentioned period is above unity which means there is clear export competitiveness in global markets. The average index value reached around 1.33. which means that this crop is one of the very important crops that efficiently competes in the global markets.The paper finally shows the penetration parameter is weak and that there is minimal increase in this indicator. This means that there is a possibility to increase exported quantities from tomatoes through studying the reasons behind the fluctuations and design some policies and export mechanisms that can improve export competitiveness and penetration rates.

Broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) Sakura F1 Hybrid were get from private farm in alnuwbaria Beheira Government. Heads were harvested at the appropriate stage of harvesting on 22th and 13th February 2017 and 2018, respectively, and then transported immediately to Horticulture Research Institute, ARC. The impact of edible coatings and packaging on the postharvest appearance and compositional quality changes of separated florets broccoli stored at 0°C were determined. Separated florets rinsed with chlorinated water (150 ppm) then washed by distilled water. The samples were then allowed to dry. Broccoli florets were dipped in chitosan solution at 0.5 and 1% concentration for 3 min. Carboxymethyl cellulose solution at 0.5 and 1% concentration for 3 min and distilled water represented as control. All treatments were dried and packed in non-perforated polypropylene bags (non-PPPb) or micro-perforated polypropylene bags (micro-PPPb) and stored at 0°C for 20 days plus 2 days at 10°C (shelf life). Results showed that loss of weight, decay, off odor, discoloration and peroxidase activity, of broccoli florets were increased as the storage period increased, while general appearance, total chlorophyll and total phenolic content were increased. For the influence of packaging material the results showed that there were significant differences between packaging materials on quality of florets. Broccoli florets which packed in non-perforated polypropylene bags (non-PPPb) had better florets quality as compared with those packed in micro-perforated polypropylene bags (micro-PPPb) during storage plus shelf life. Chitosan at 0.5 or 1% is the huge influence in reducing weight loss%, decay (score) peroxidase enzyme activity, off odor (score), discoloration (score) as well as in maintaining total chlorophyll and total phenolic contents during storage plus shelf life. Furthermore, florets dipped in chitosan 1% and then packed in non-PPPb was the most effective treatment in retarding loss of quality attributes, through the storage periods and helped in retarding deterioration and gave florets with good appearance after 20 days at 0°C plus 2 days at 10°C (shelf life) without decay.

الملخص تعتبر میاه النیل هی أکبر مصادر المیاه فی مصر حیث تمثل حوالی 72.62% من إجمالی الموارد المائیة المتاحة فی مصر، وأغلب الاحتیاجات المائیة فی مصر تعود لقطاع الزراعة حیث تمثل نسبة الزراعة نحو 81.45% من إجمالی الاحتیاجات المائیة فی مصر، وتلیها فی المرتبة الثانیة میاه الشرب حیث تبلغ نسبتها نحو 12.13% من إجمالی الاحتیاجات المائیة فی مصر. کما أنه منذ عام 1947 وحتى عام 1960 کان هناک وفرة نسبیة فی المیاه حیث تراوح نصیب الفرد سنویاً من المیاه بین (2604 -1893) متر مکعب؛ بینما وصلت مصر للکفایة المائیة منذ عام 1970 وحتى عام 1986 وتراوح نصیب الفرد من المیاه من (1672 إلى 1138) متر مکعب. ووصلت مصر للندرة المائیة منذ عام 1996 وحتى الآن حیث انخفض نصیب الفرد إلى نحو 860 متر مکعب. ومن المتوقع أن یصل نصیب الفرد إلى نحو 582 لتر فی عام 2025. ومن المعروف أن حد الفقر المائی هو 1000 م3، أی أن مصر وصلت لحد الفقر المائی بدایةً من 1996 وحتى الآن. ومن المتوقع أن تتسع الأزمة المائیة فی مصر فی عام 2050 حیث یصل نصیب الفرد فی مصر من المیاه إلى 294 م3، ویهتم هذا البحث بدراسة العلاقة المتشابکة بین مصر وإثیوبیا (فی ملف میاه النیل) فی إطار نظریة المباریات، حیث تم استخدام نماذج بسیطة لتحلیل الصراع المستمر والمخاوف بشأن سد النهضة الإثیوبی، ویشیر التحلیل إلى وجود درجة عالیة من الإجهاد المائی وقد یؤدی إلى صِدام مباشر بین دول حوض النیل على الرغم من أن التوصل إلى حل سلمی للمشکلة من الممکن أن یؤدی إلى زیادة العوائد المائیة لکلا البلدین. وبدراسة السیناریوهات المختلفة لملء خزان سد النهضة تبین أن مصر من الممکن أن تفقد حوالی 88% و 66% من أراضیها الزراعیة على الترتیب وفقاً للسیناریوهات الأول والثانی حیث سیتم ملء الخزان فی السیناریو الأول على مدار ثلاث سنوات مما سیترتب علیه نسبة عجزتقدر بحوالی 26% من إجمالی الموازنة المائیة المصریة السنویة مما سیؤدی إلى خسارة 2.6 ملیون فدان سنویاً، أی أنه على مدار 3 سنوات ستفقد مصر حوالی 8 ملیون فدان من رقعتها الزراعیة والبالغة نحو 9.1 ملیون فدان. أما بالنسبة للسیناریو الثانی فسیتم ملء الخزان وفقاً لهذا السیناریو على مدار خمس سنوات مما سیترتب علیه نسبة عجز تُقدر بحوالی 12% من إجمالی الموازنة المائیة المصریة السنویة. وهذا یعنی خسارة سنویة تقدر بحوالی 1.2 ملیون فدان من الأراضی الزراعیة فی مصر، أی أنه بعد مرور خمس سنوات ستفقد مصر حوالی 6 ملیون فدان من جملة أراضیها الزراعیة. ویعد السیناریوهان الأول والثانی هما المرشحان بقوة من قبل الحکومة الإثیوبیة. وأوصى البحث بما یلی: ضرورة التوصل لاتفاق بین مصر وإثیوبیا من شأنه زیادة سنوات الملء لتحمل إثیوبیا جزء من عبء الآثار السلبیة الناجمة عن إنشاء هذا السد الضخم. بالإضافة إلى الإدارة المشترکة للسد تأکیداً لمبدأ حسن النیة کما نصت علیه اتفاقیة إعلان المبادئ التی تم توقیعها بین مصر وإثیوبیا والسودان عام 2015. ومن الممکن أن تصل الثلاث دول إلى استراتیجیة مربحة للجانبین تفید جمیع الدول مع أدنى حد من الضرر الذی قد یلحق بأی طرف. ویمکن لمصر أن تساعد إثیوبیا فی تأمین الکهرباء المطلوبة من موارد أخرى إذا واصلت إثیوبیا الإعتراف بحق مصر فی التمتع بحصتها التاریخیة البالغة 55.5 ملیار متر مکعب فی السنة.