The study aimed to identify the causes of early marriage for the children, his methods, and identify his effects. to determine the relationship between the age of the respondents at marriage,  the Attitude of respondents toward early marriage for the daughter / son and the demographic, economic and social variables. To Determine the relationship between the application of the respondents to family Planning methods and the demographic, economic and social variables. to determine the respondents Application gap regarding the application of family Planning methods, according to different regions of the study. to identify the respondents application gap of family Planning methods and the degree of preference for these methods. The study was conducted depending on the social survey method in the villages of Kafr Abu Najm and Awlad Eiladawy in Sharkia governorate on a random sample of 223 units represens 5% of the total number of women in each village, and col-lected data using a questionnaire by personal interview, starting from April until late of June 2016, data were analyzed using frequencees and percentages, alpha Cronbach's coefficient, weighted mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, contingency coefficient, the expense of applied gap. The study found a range of resalts including: that early marriage percentage (less than 18 years) in the field study amounted to 36.3%, showing that about 43.5%, and 49.8% of the respondents have negative attitud and neutral about early marriage for girls, while more than half respondents have neutral attitud about early marriage for the son by 60.5%. and prove the existence of a significant relationship between the age of the respondents at marriage and variables: the number of years of education for the respondents, the number of years of education for the husband, the age at first birth, the suitable age of marriage for girls, the suitable age for boys, The attitud toward the planning of the process of reproduction. The results indicate existence of negative relationship between the age at marriage and variables: the number of children, number of pregnancies, satisfaction with the difference between couple for the girl, satisfaction with the difference between couple for their sons. The study also found that 94.2 % of respondents have neutral and positive attitude toward regulating the reproductive process, while shows that the highest percentage of respondents neutral and positive attitude toward reproductive process. The results indicate that 49.8 % of the respondents have negative attitude for preference and 49.3 % for the application and there are gap between the application of the respondents to the methods for family planning and the degree of preference for these methods.

ABSTRACT   The research aimed to determine the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, And determine the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, Determine the percentage contribution of variables moral relationship level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries, and to identify the motives of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries. This research was conducted in Siwa Oasis, It was selected sample of (256) respondents by 33.6% of the overall size, data were collected by using a questionnaire specially to achieve the research objectives, the statistical tools included percentage  Frequencies,  Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis.   The study concluded the following key results   The results showed that respondents with low participation in handmade carpets industry is 14.7%, While the respondents with medium participation is 22.3%, while respondents with high participation is 63%. The results indicate that the percentage ofrespondents with low participation in pickling olives are 12.3%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 71.8 percent. The results showed that respondents with low participation in the manufacture of animal feed ratio is 17.2%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.2%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 63.6 percent. Data suggests that respondents with low participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 7.3%, While the percentage of respondents participating medium is 9.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 82.8%. Results show that in the category of 7.8% total participation level low in the development of environmental industries, and 16.4% of them fall in the proportion of middle-class participation for the development of environmental industries, And 75.8% of the respondents fall in the category of high participation for the development of environmental industries in Siwa Oasis. Results show that the level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries was a significant relation at a level of 0.01 in all of: Capacity animal tenure, The degree of belonging to the tribal community, and the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, Degree trend towards environmental industries, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on the environmental industries, As the value of simple correlation coefficient of Pearson: 0.225, 0.241, 0.217, 0.219, and 0.231, respectively, While the relationship was significant at the 0.05 level with age, While respondents 0.149 Pearson simple correlation coefficient values, and there was no significant relation to: the degree of education of the surveyed, the area of agricultural holdings. It turns out that the percentage contribution of these variables in explaining the contrast kidney respondents were significant at the 0.01 level And its contribution was all in the predictive ability and the other is 51.5%, of which 35.2% to the degree of exposure to sources of information on environmental industries, 9.5% to the point of belonging to the tribal community, and 5% to the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, to 1.8% and the degree of the trend toward environmental industries. The results showed that the most important motives of Siwa woman in the development of environmental industries are: Increasing the family income to their participation in the environmental industries (89.5%), Help the family in the bride processing (83.9%), Out of the house to receive an education and to work in the environmental industries (76.7%).

The main objective of this study was to determine an appropriate water management consideration of bubbler irrigation system for   palm trees "age four years" (Phoenix dactylifera) under El-Wady El-Geded Governorate. Therefore, the three bubbler nozzles were comparing with Conventional irrigation system Basin irrigation system in two successive growing seasons(2013-2014) and (2014-2015). Results revealed that water saving of about observed under bubbler irrigation systems comparing with basin irrigation system.

This investigation was conducted at Barrage Station (BHRS), Horticultural Research, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to get some new and promising pea lines (Pisum sativum L.) using pure line selection method on the basis of genetic variability. Selection was performed between or within four pea populations of Master Bcultivar. The populations were collected from four different regions in Egypt and subjected to selection procedure during 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The investigation intended to study different traits of growth and yield and its components viz., No. of days to flowering, No. of first flowering node, plant length, No. of branches per plant, pod length, pod width, pod thickness, pod weight, No. of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod, No. of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, shelling percentage, pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant. The target of this study was to improve pea yield and its components as well as earliness of yielding. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for most of the studied characteristics, indicating ample scope of selection. Most characteristics showed a higher heritability coupled with higher genetic advance through two cycles of selection indicating that these characteristics are stable and can be improved through selection based on phenotypic observations. Twenty lines were obtained from selection program and were compared against the baseline populations in addition to check cultivar (Entsar1).Results showed significant differences among lines for most studied traits. Selection program resulted in genotypes or lines given symbols of H3, G7, N1, N3, G2, G1 and K2 that considered promising lines.  These lines have good pods traits, higher productivity and earliness of flowering. Simple correlation coefficient analysis revealed that greater emphasis should be given to the traits of No. of branches and No. of pods per plant along with pod length, pod width, No. of seeds and weight of seeds per pod for yield improvement.

Experiments in this investigation indicated that the tomato cv. 035 is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) since it supports a low population of Mi nematode and retarded fusarial damage in single infections while the plant vigor was unaffected adequately. This resistance was decreased as increased of inoculum levels (from 100 to 2000 IJ2) of Mi and (from 102 to 1010 propagules) of Fol indicating that this resistance is mainly density-dependent. However, co-infection by both pathogens a lesser margin of simulative effect on root galling and wilt severity was occurred. Therefore, wounding by invading IJ5 of Mi proved to be unimportant for establishment of Fol wilt fungus. The results indicated also that, the sequence of infection by nematodes and fungus can predispose the host plant to attack by the other. As with Mi pre infection, nematode causes changes in host that predispose it to fungal attack leading to severe wilt expression. Likewise, pre-infection with for allowed not only more nematode penetration but also more nematode developed than in fungus. Accordingly, the present results led to the fact that, the interactions between Mi nematode and Fol wilt fungus are physiological rather than physical.

Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting crop productivity. For this reason, two greenhouse experiments were conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during the year 2015 using two rice varieties to evaluate the effects of various levels of osmotic stress caused by polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG) and NaCl. Furthermore, it was tested whether the inhibitory effect of salinity on growth, sodium and chloride concentration by two different varieties was greater under NaCl or PEG treatment. The first experiment was undertaken to separate osmotic and ionic aspects of salinity damage to rice (Oryza sativa L.).Seedlings of IR28 (salt-sensitive) and Nona Bokra (salt-tolerant) rice varieties were transferred to salinized nutrient solution containing 85 mol m-3NaCl (-3.0 bars) with or without   PEG 6000 (-2.0 bars, 45 gL-1).  Plants were grown up to 30 days in the salinized solutions. The second experiment was designed to determine the effect of salinity (85 mol m-3NaCl) with or without PEG 6000 (-0.5 bar, 11 g L-1)on growth, uptake and transport of sodium and chloride in two rice varieties differing in salt tolerance.  The results indicated that survival of salt-tolerant variety (Nona Bokra) was increased significantly by adding PEG (-2.0 bars). The addition of PEG also reduced the rate of death of rice plants compared with NaCl alone. Also, data showed that PEG 6000 (0.5 bar, 11 gL-1) reduce sodium concentration in root of IR28 and   Nona Bokra but its effect upon sodium concentration in shoot of the two varieties was more pronounced than the reduction of Na+ concentration in root.  Highly significant differences were obtained between zero and 11 gL-1 PEG. The result of this study is strongly indicated that addition of PEG dramatically lessened the toxicity of NaCl to rice seedlings.

Three cancer cell lines, i.e. HEpG-2 (human liver carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adeno-carcinoma), and PC3 (Prostatic Small Cell Carcinoma) were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) and conazole fungicide (myclobutanil). Cytotoxicity was measured by neutral red incorporation (NRI) assay. The lowest concentration of the tested pesticides (0.5 μg/ml) was toxic. With the increase of the concentration up to 80 μg/ml, the Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, shoubra  Elkheima, Cairo, Egypt Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt damage degree of the cellular form and size was more serious. The midpoint cytotoxicity value, (NRI50) for imidacloprid and myclobutanil for HEpG-2, MCF-7, and PC3 cancer cell lines were 110.5, 67.7 and 67.6 μg/ml and 38.12, 41 and 27.5 μg/ml, respectively. In general, myclobutanil was very toxic in the three cancer cell lines compared with imidacloprid.

Agriculture occupies an important position in the Egyptian economy. However, the agricultural sector is still undergoing many economic conditions and problems which have been hindered in the way of its development and modernization, which has directly or indirectly affected the role of the agriculture sector in economic development. Investment is one of the main means of development, The success of the development policy depends to a large extent on the volume of investments available and how they are distributed among different programs as well as the efficient use of those investments. Investment is one of the important tools in bringing about the structural change of the national economy. Through investment, technical progress plays its fundamental role. The rule is that any technical progress necessarily necessitates investment spending. If we look at economic growth in terms of work, investment projects contribute to increasing employment, Work productivity through increased capital intensity. This study deals with the current situation of national investment as well as agricultural investment in both public and private sectors in Egypt during the period 2000-2015, as well as the impact of the revolution of 25 January 2011 on the investment situation in Egypt. The time series was divided into three periods 2005), the second period (2006-2010) and the third period (2011-2015), the period of the revolution and beyond. The most important results are as follows: The general agricultural investment at current prices increases during the period of study (2000-2015). The revolution of 25 January also had a positive effect on the increase in general agricultural investment for the first and second periods.

The study aimed to throw light on the current status of the area, productivity and production of citrus, orange and lemon in Syria, the development of the quantity and value of exports and imports, the export and import price of citrus, the development of the quantity and value of exports and exports price of the orange during the study period, the geographical distribution of Syrian exports of orange for the period (2007-2011), and standard samples for external demand on oranges. The foreign trade of citrus was in Syria the study showed that the production of citrus growing at a rate of about 38.12 thousand tons per year and the cultivated area of citrus growing at of about 1.35 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not significant in any mathematical relation. The production of oranges increased by about 45% per year and the cultivated area of oranges increased by about 0.94 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation. The production of lemons increased by about 6.73 thousand tons per year, growing at of about 0.28 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation during the study period. The quantity of citrus exports increased by 24.9% per year, the value of citrus exports increased by 25.5% per year, the quantity of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of about 19.5% annually, the value of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of 24.9%, the quantity of exports of oranges is increasing at a rate of about 23.1% annually and the value of exports of oranges is increasing by 18.1%. The export price of oranges decreased by about $ 22.09 per year. In addition, the factors determining the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange has been studied which indicated inverse relation between the dependent variable and the Syrian export price per kilogram in dollars, with an increase of 1% the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 2.45%. As well as a positive relation between the dependent variable and the average per Iraqi capita income in dollar and the export price of Turkey in dollars, by the increase of these factors of 1% the average per capita Iraqi quantity of Syrian orange increased by 1.98% and 1.37%, respectively. In addition, the factors determining the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges were calculated according to the export price of Syria in dollars. The model shows a positive relationship between the dependent variable and the export price of Lebanon in dollars. The average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges was 2.88% and 0.75% respectively, which shown an inverse relation between the dependent variable and the export price of Syria in dollar, with an increase of 1%, the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 4.4%. The most important indicators of foreign trade of Syrian orange for the most important countries showed Russia in the first position in terms of the market share, which is about 96.1% of the total Syrian exports. It is clear that for political reasons between Syria and Russia. Then, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait came second with 1.7% of Syrian exports.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine signaling protein which has an important role in the immune system regulation and affect female reproductive performance. The objective of this study was investigation the TNFα gene polymorphism and its potential effects in female buffaloes fertility. The DNA was extracted from the blood of 81 buffalo females and a 592 bp fragment contains the full coding region of TNFα-exon 4 was amplified by PCR which subsequently treated with RsaI restriction enzyme. The PCR-RFLP pattern showed that all the animals had fixed CC genotype and T allele was not detected. Sequencing of amplified fragment (GenBank accession No. KY885010) flowed by sequence alignment with GenBank database revealed that the river buffalo target sequence was homologues to cattle than goat, sheep, human and mouse on DNA and amino acids levels. Comparison of TNFα amplicon with homologues Bubalus bubalis records in the GenBank detected 3 SNPs in exon 4. Two of these SNPs were synonymous while the third located in the 3` UTR. Different effects of some of discovered SNPs on RNA cis-regulatory elements and hn mRNA and mature mRNA secondary structures were predicted.