A Bird Vulnerability Index (BVI) and Potential Vulnerability Map (PVM) was applied to determine which are the most susceptible bird species to collide with wind towers and the riskiest sites, in a wind power plant south from the city of Rivas. Transects were placed in two areas where the towers would be placed: Grasslands without Trees and Grasslands with Trees. Transects were also made in adjacent habitats such as Lake Nicaragua Coast and Riparian Forest. The BVI was calculated with nine factors (Flight Height, Type of Flight, Wingspan, Weight, Status, Abundance, Reproductive Status, International and National Conservation Status). The total PVM was calculated from all detected species, and average PMV only using species that exceeded the specific BVI median. The risk of habitat collision was calculated by determining that less of 50th percentile is considered to be low risk, and high risk when the percentile is greater than 50. The highest vulnerability index is found in the species: Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus), Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway), Nicaraguan Grackle (Quiscalus nicaraguensis), and Great Heron (Ardea herodias). The riparian forest and grassland with trees are the sites with the highest risk of collision to install wind towers. The BVI and PVM are important tools that allow the identification of potential risks of bird collision with wind towers before their construction. | Se aplicó un Índice de Vulnerabilidad de Aves (IVA) y Mapa de Vulnerabilidad Potencial (MVP) para determinar cuáles son las especies de aves más susceptibles a colisionar con torres eólicas y los sitios con mayor riesgo, en una central eólica al sur de la ciudad de Rivas. Se colocaron transectos en dos zonas donde se colocarían las torres: Pastizales sin ‘Árboles y Pastizales con Árboles. También se realizaron transectos en hábitats adyacentes como Costa del lago de Nicaragua y Bosque Ripario. El IVA se calculó con nueve factores (altura de vuelo, tipo de vuelo, longitud de ala, peso, estatus, abundancia, estado reproductivo, estado de conservación internacional y nacional). Se calculó el MVP total a partir de todas las especies detectadas, y MVP medio solo utilizando las especies que superaron la mediana del IVA específico. El riesgo de colisión por hábitat se calculó determinando que menor al percentil 50 se considera de riesgo bajo, y de riesgo alto cuando el percentil sea mayor que 50. Los valores más altos de vulnerabilidad se encuentran en las especies: Rabihorcado Magno (Fregata magnificens), el Zopilote Negro (Coragyps atratus), el Zopilote Cabecirroja (Cathartes aura), Águila Pescadora (Pandion haliaetus), Caracara Crestado (Caracara cheriway), Zanate Nicaragüense (Quiscalus nicaraguensis), y la Garza Grande (Ardea herodias). El bosque ripario y pastizales con árboles son los sitios con mayor riesgo de colisión para instalar torres eólicas. El IVA y MVP constituyen herramientas importantes que permiten identificar los riesgos potenciales de colisión de aves en centrales eólicas antes de su construcción.

In Nicaragua, the tomato crop (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) occupies the first place among the vegetables with the highest production and consumption. In the present study, four hybrids were evaluated, three from South Korea and a commercial variety, the experiment was established under a protected agriculture system in a farm of a producer from the community of Chagüite Grande, located in the department of Jinotega in the First cycle 2019. The experimental design implemented was Complete Random Block (BCA) with four repetitions and four treatments. The yield was estimated by means of the longitudinal repeated means methodology and mean separations through the Tukey test (α = 0.05), in the same way phenotypic correlations were made between the yield components. The analyzes were carried out in the R program version 4.0.2 (2020-06-22) through one of its platforms Rbio version 141 (09-20-2020), the physical and chemical analysis of the soil was followed by the methodologies of the laboratories of the National Agrarian University and the University of Engineering. According to the results, the hybrids that presented the best performance were Tisey and Miranda with average yields of 109,728 kg ha-1 and 104,695.9 kg ha-1 respectively, in the same way positive correlations 0.97 are shown for the variables number of commercial fruits and the yield, also the soil presented good physical and chemical properties for good development of the crop. | En Nicaragua el cultivo del tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) ocupa el primer lugar entre las hortalizas de mayor producción y consumo. En el presente estudio se evaluaron cuatro híbridos, tres procedentes de Corea del Sur y un material comercial, el experimento se estableció bajo sistema de agricultura protegida en una finca de un productor de la comunidad de chagüite grande, ubicada en el departamento de Jinotega en el ciclo de Primera 2019. El diseño experimental implementado fue Bloque Completo al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones y cuatro tratamientos. El rendimiento fue estimado mediante la metodología medias repetidas longitudinales y separaciones de medias a través de prueba de Tukey (α=0.05), de igual manera se realizaron correlaciones fenotípicas entre los componentes de rendimientos. Los análisis fueron realizados en el programa R versión 4.0.2 (2020-06-22) a través de una de sus plataformas Rbio versión 141 (20-09-2020), el análisis físico y químico del suelo se realizaron seguimiento las metodologías de los laboratorios de las Universidad Nacional Agraria y la Universidad de Ingeniería. Según los resultados los híbridos que presentaron mejor comportamiento fueron Tisey y Miranda con rendimiento promedios de 109,728 kg ha-1 y 104,695.9 kg ha-1 respectivamente, de igual manera se muestran correlaciones positivas 0.97 para las variables número de frutos comerciales y el rendimiento, asimismo el suelo presento buenas propiedades física y química para buen desarrollo del cultivo.

Nancite (Byrsonima crassifolia) is a perishable tropical fruit and its harvest period occurs at the beginning of winter (month of May) in the countries of Central America. The fruits are usually consumed raw, in soft drinks, jellies, syrups or jams, as a flavoring for ice cream and as a raw material for artisanal food. However, it is necessary to continue promoting more value-added alternatives for this product. In this sense, previous studies suggest that fresh nancite pulp contributes 66 kcal per 100 grams and has a dry matter content between 20 and 25 %, which can be used in its agro-industrialization as a dehydrated product. Therefore, in this research, the nancite pulp drying process was studied in terms of the impact of temperature on the drying rates and on the color of the final product. Through the proximal analysis of the edible part of the nancite (pulp) a moisture content of 78.80 ± 0.32% (on a wet basis) was determined and on a dry basis a carbohydrate content of 78.67 ± 0.53 and an ether extract of 16.60 ± 0.27% were determined. The drying experiments of this material were carried out in a tunnel dryer using dry air with a speed of 2 m/s at temperatures of 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C. The results suggest that moisture content and drying time decrease as the operating temperature increases, however, at 60 °C the dry product presents the least browning, so this drying temperature could be recommended in processes in which that a pale yellow dry pulp is required. | El nancite (Byrsonima crassifolia) es una fruta tropical perecedera, cuyo periodo de cosecha se da al inicio del invierno (mes de mayo) en los países de América Central. Los frutos se suelen consumir crudos, en refrescos, jaleas, jarabes o mermeladas, como saborizante para helados y como materia prima para productos de elaboración artesanal. No obstante, es necesario continuar promoviendo más alternativas de valor agregado para dicho producto. En ese sentido, estudios previos sugieren que la pulpa de nancite fresca aporta 66 kcal por cada 100 gramos y presenta un contenido de materia seca entre 20 y 25 %, lo que puede ser aprovechado en su agroindustrialización como producto deshidratado. Por lo tanto, en esta investigación se estudió el proceso de secado de la pulpa de nancite en términos del impacto de la temperatura en las tasas de secado y en el color del producto final. A través del análisis proximal de la parte comestible del nancite (pulpa) se determinó un contenido de humedad de 78.80 ± 0.32 % (b.h) y en base seca se determinó un contenido de carbohidratos de 78.67 ± 0.53 y extracto etéreo de 16.60 ± 0.27 %. Los experimentos de secado de este material se realizaron en secador de túnel usando aire seco con una velocidad de 2 m/s a temperaturas de 60°C, 70°C y 80°C. Los resultados sugieren que el contenido de humedad y el tiempo de secado disminuyen conforme se incrementa la temperatura de operación, sin embargo, a 60°C el producto seco presenta el menor pardeamiento, por lo que esta temperatura de secado podría recomendarse en procesos en los que se requiera una pulpa seca de color amarillo pálido.

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from natural landscapes constitute roughly half of global CH4 contributions to the atmosphere, yet large uncertainties remain in the absolute magnitude and the seasonality of emission quantities and drivers. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements of CH4 flux are ideal for constraining ecosystem-scale CH4 emissions due to quasi-continuous and high-temporal-resolution CH4 flux measurements, coincident carbon dioxide, water, and energy flux measurements, lack of ecosystem disturbance, and increased availability of datasets over the last decade. Here, we (1) describe the newly published dataset, FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0, the first open-source global dataset of CH4 EC measurements (available at https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/, last access: 7 April 2021). FLUXNET-CH4 includes half-hourly and daily gap-filled and non-gap-filled aggregated CH4 fluxes and meteorological data from 79 sites globally: 42 freshwater wetlands, 6 brackish and saline wetlands, 7 formerly drained ecosystems, 7 rice paddy sites, 2 lakes, and 15 uplands. Then, we (2) evaluate FLUXNET-CH4 representativeness for freshwater wetland coverage globally because the majority of sites in FLUXNET-CH4 Version 1.0 are freshwater wetlands which are a substantial source of total atmospheric CH4 emissions; and (3) we provide the first global estimates of the seasonal variability and seasonality predictors of freshwater wetland CH4 fluxes. Our representativeness analysis suggests that the freshwater wetland sites in the dataset cover global wetland bioclimatic attributes (encompassing energy, moisture, and vegetation-related parameters) in arctic, boreal, and temperate regions but only sparsely cover humid tropical regions. Seasonality metrics of wetland CH4 emissions vary considerably across latitudinal bands. In freshwater wetlands (except those between 20∘ S to 20∘ N) the spring onset of elevated CH4 emissions starts 3 d earlier, and the CH4 emission season lasts 4 d longer, for each degree Celsius increase in mean annual air temperature. On average, the spring onset of increasing CH4 emissions lags behind soil warming by 1 month, with very few sites experiencing increased CH4 emissions prior to the onset of soil warming. In contrast, roughly half of these sites experience the spring onset of rising CH4 emissions prior to the spring increase in gross primary productivity (GPP). The timing of peak summer CH4 emissions does not correlate with the timing for either peak summer temperature or peak GPP. Our results provide seasonality parameters for CH4 modeling and highlight seasonality metrics that cannot be predicted by temperature or GPP (i.e., seasonality of CH4 peak). FLUXNET-CH4 is a powerful new resource for diagnosing and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems and climate drivers in the global CH4 cycle, and future additions of sites in tropical ecosystems and site years of data collection will provide added value to this database. All seasonality parameters are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672601 (Delwiche et al., 2021). Additionally, raw FLUXNET-CH4 data used to extract seasonality parameters can be downloaded from https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/ (last access: 7 April 2021), and a complete list of the 79 individual site data DOIs is provided in Table 2 of this paper.