The fowl blood sucking tick "Argas persicus" is of great medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions because of its role as the vector of certain parasitic bacterial and viral pathogens. In this study, the pathological changes of its bite on the poultry skin have been investigated. Twenty two (12 infested with adults and 10 infested with nymphs) Ross broilers (308) were infested with the tick on the skin of hock joints. Other side healthy legs were used as control. Samples were collected after 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours and 1 or 2 weeks. The skin samples were fixed at 10% buffered formalin and histological sections were prepared using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin staining method. The results showed subcutaneous oedema, massive infiltration of lymphocytes, extensive hemorrhage, feather follicle oedema. Necrosis and epidermal hyperplasia are the prominent lesions in this study. It is concluded that the chicken infestation with Argas persicus caused cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions. Therefore, it can be considered as a cause of economic loss.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters and cardiac rhythms have been evaluated and published in different breeds of beef and dairy cattle but there is limited information regarding these parameters in healthy sheep. This study is aimed to investigate the ECG parameters in Balouchi sheep. The ECG parameters including the amplitudes of P, Q, R, S and T waves, duration of P, QRS and T waves and P-R, Q-T and R-R intervals were evaluated in 44 male and female clinically healthy Balouchi sheep in standard and augmented limb leads (I, II, III, AVR, AVL, and AVF) and base-apex lead. The mean heart rate was 89.6 beats/minute which had a significant correlation with age (r=-0.269, p=0.014). Different configurations of P-wave, QRS complex and T wave were observed in different ECG leads. It was found that age and gender affects some ECG parameters. In some leads, rams had significantly higher amplitudes of P, Q, R, S and T waves and longer duration of PRR interval than ewes. Also in some leads, the amplitudes of P, R and S waves were significantly higher and the duration of QRS complex was shorter in sheep less than one year old than sheep with age three years or older. The most common cardiac dysrhythmia observed on the ECG traces was Sinus arrhythmia. Sheep with this dysrhythmia had a significantly lower heart rate (p

Monocephalus thoracopagus is a kind of attached symmetrical twin in which two nearly complete individuals joined front-to-front in the thoracic region with a single head, fused chests, one or two hearts and two lower bodies. A died female kid goat with one head, four ears, four paired limbs and two more or less complete body was referred to the Veterinary Faculty of the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Detailed dissection was done on it and the progress of the duplication process of the internal organs was studied precisely. In the presented case, the way of the articulation of the ribs to the sterna and the progress of the duplication process in the alimentary canal can support the Spencer's spherical theory, saying that “a group of conjoined twins resulting from the union of two embryonic discs (or incomplete fission in one disc) over a common yolk sac”.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of toxin genes in Clostridium perfringens isolated from 200minced meat samples using molecular typing. For this purpose, after isolation of Clostridium perfringens using conventional culture method and confirmation by specific 16Srd NA gene PCR, alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), beta 2 (cpb2),epsilon (etx), iota (iA) and enterotoxin (cpe) genes were investigated by multiplex PCR.Out of 200 minced meat samples, 25 (12.5%) were determined as contaminated with C. perfringens and m-PCR results demonstrated that, out of these 25 isolates, 18 (81 %) possessed only the cpa gene (type A), while 4 (18 %) carried the cpa and cpb2 toxin genes (type A-cpb2+). Furthermore, the results showed1 isolate (4 %) as type B, 1 isolate (4 %) as type D and 1 isolate (4 %) as type E. This study reports the first cpb2 positive type B of C. perfringens in minced meat. Our results also indicate that C. perfringens type A is the most common type in minced meat.

The principle aims of this study were to evaluate clinical, hematological, microbiological and macro and micro pathological effects of tulathromycin on small ruminants infectious pneumonia (IP) and to determine the side effects of the drug in the injected site. For this purpose, all ruminants (10 sheep and 9 goats) with signs of IP were assembled in the Khorasan-E-Razavi Province Veterinary Organization research centre. Also, all of these animals were free of internal parasite infestations and free of hydrated cysts in the lung tissue. Before tularthromycin injection, samples were taken as nasopharyngeal swabs for culturing Pasteurella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. and performing the Cell Blood Count (CBC) for blood. Each animal was injected at the dose of 2.5 mg/Kg subcutaneously. In 24-, 48- and 72-hours after injection, body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), ruminal contraction rate (RCR), lung sounds (LS) and nasal discharges (ND) were recorded between 9-12 pm. Meanwhile on day 1 and day 3, the blood sampling was repeated and on day 3 nasopharyngeal swabs were repeated. Furthermore, 9 sheep and goats were killed on day 9 and the remainders were killed on the day 15 following injection and post-mortem inspections were conducted on lungs. From cases with lung lesions, a sample was taken for histopathological examination. The data showed that: A) The mean difference of BT, RR and HR of 0-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hrs after Tulathromycin injection was significantly different (p< 0.05). B) The mean difference of No. WBC and % neutrophils of 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-hrs was significant (p< 0.05). C) Pasteurella spp. was isolated from all sheep and goats before injection while this organism was cultured in only 2 of the animals on day 3 after tulathromycin injection (p< 0.05). D) Mycoplasma spp. was cultured from 57.9% of the small ruminants and the results were identical in the second culturing with the exception of one animal. Mycoplasma spp. was cultured from 57.9% of the small ruminants and the results were identical in the second culturing with the exception of one animal. E) 50% and 44.4% of the sheep and goats that were killed on the 9th and 15th days post-injection showed various pulmonary lesions including apical lob consolidation, apical lob consolidation plus adhesion, bronchopneumonia plus observed pleurisy. On the basis of this investigation Tulathromycin has not had any antibacterial effect on Mycoplasma spp.

Hepatic and renal contents of essential trace elements provide good clues to monitor the nutritional status of grazing animals. Liver and kidney samples were collected from 60 sheep and 60 goats slaughtered in Zarrinshahr abattoirs and analyzed for essential trace elements. Hepatic Fe concentrations were significantly higher in sheep than goats. There were also higher renal and hepatic Fe concentration in age group of 2-4 year Scompared with age groups of

Epidural analgesia is an effective and frequent method used to induce analgesia in perineal region during orthopedic or obstetric procedures of pain management. 18 healthy mixed-breed dogs, were randomly divided into three groups. Lumbosacral epidural analgesia was performed in all dogs in the following order: lidocaine (0.2 mg/kg) in group A, meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg ) in group B and the combination of both drugs in group C. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperatures were recorded for every 5 minutes, while analgesia onset time, duration of analgesia and paralysis were also recorded in all dogs. Without any systemic complications, no significant difference was observed in mean heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in all groups (p>0.05). Duration of analgesia was significantly lower in group B (59 ± 15) compared to group A (109±10) and C (127± 24) (p

Previous studies had reported that extracellular levels of ascorbic acid have modulatory effects on dopamine receptors. Both ascorbic acid and dopamine receptor have an important role in learning and memory processes. However, the central interaction between ascorbic acid and dopamine D2 receptor on spatial learning and memory has not yet been elucidated. All experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats. Animals were subjected to 5 days of training in the Morris water maze (MWM) task; 4 days with an invisible platform to test special learning and the 5th day with a visible platform to test motivation and sensorimotor coordination. The data showed that ascorbic acid (25 µg, i.c.v.) could improve spatial learning and memory indices. Administration of bromocriptine, a D2 agonist, increased the effect of ascorbic acid, while treatment with the selective D2 antagonist sulpiride resulted in prevention of the ascorbate-induced memory consolidation. These results indicate that dopamine D2 receptors may be involved in ascorbic acid-induced learning and memory impairment.

The aim of the present case report is to describe the outcome, hematological and biochemical changes of treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia in a Terrier dog using human intravenous immunglobulin. The complete blood count, serum biochemistry, indirect immunofluorescence antibody and direct coomb’s tests, radiography and sonography were performed. Laboratory findings indicated sever thrombocytopenia (

This study was conducted to determine the effects of administration of different concentration of Aloe vera Crud Extract (ACE) as a food supplement on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester) infection in Cyprinus carpio. 360 juvenile C.carpio were randomly divided into four equal groups in triplicates. Groups 1 to 4 were fed by basal food supplemented with zero, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% ACE respectively, for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period growth performance indices including: SpecificGrowth Rate (SGR), Food Conversion Rate (FCR), Food Efficacy Rate (FER) and Percentage Weight-Gain (PWG) were evaluated. Blood samples were taken from each treatment and Haematological parameters including: Red Blood Cells (RBC) & White Blood Cell(WBC) count, differential count, Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) as well as Immunological parameters including: lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, alternative complement activity, respiratory burst activity, serum total protein and globulin were evaluated. Finally challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila was performed and commutative mortality was calculated. Results showed significant improve in growth indices of groups 3 and 4 (p