Pain is a severe symptom of many diseases, with an increasing percentage of people manifesting various types of pain. Medicinal plants provide analgesic potential with little toxicity. We performed this experiment to compare the analgesic activities of Lawsonia inermis, Waltheria indica, Moringa oleifera, and Nigella sativa in Wistar rats using writhing and paw lick responses. We grouped 21 adult female rats into seven groups (n=3), including uninduced and untreated rats (group 1), induced untreated rats (group 2), rats treated with Lawsonia inermis at 200 mg/kg (group 3), rats treated with Waltheria indica at 200 mg/kg (group 4), rats treated with Nigella sativa at 200 mg/kg (group 5), rats treated with Moringa oleifera at 200 mg/kg (group 6), and rats treated with diclofenac at 10 mg/kg (group 7). We dosed rats for 14 days after inducing the pain. Phytochemical screening showed that methanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis, Moringa oleifera, and ethanolic extract of Waltheria indica contain: Alkaloid, saponin, steroid, tannin, flavonoid, phenols, terpene, and glycosides. The rate of weight gain in rats treated with M. oleifera and W. indica was 7%, and with diclofenac was 9% compared to the untreated control. L. inermis and N. sativa possessed a weight gain of 3% and 2%, respectively. All the extracts exhibited analgesic activities by significantly reducing the number of lick and writh in the order of Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Moringa oleifera, and Waltheria indica.This study concluded that Lawsonia inermis possess significant analgesic activities compared to other plants and the standard drug (diclofenac).

Considering the beneficial effects of Apium graveolens L. (Celery) on the nervous system, this study elucidates the protective effect of CEO on the experimental model of cuprizone-induced MS in male C57BL/6 mice. Frothy mice were allocated into four experimental groups: control, cuprizone (chew pellet containing 0.2 %CPZ), CEO (800 mg/kg), and CPZ+CEO. Animals received treatments based on their groups for 5 weeks. Finally, reflexive motor behavior and serum antioxidant levels were determined. Based on the findings, ambulation score, hind-limb suspension, front limb suspension, and grip strength significantly decreed in the mice treated with CPZ (p < 0.05). Hind limb foot angle, surface rights, and negative geotaxis significantly increased in the animals treated with CPZ (p < 0.05). Co-administration of CPZ+CEO significantly reduced the adverse effects of CPZ on ambulation score, surface righting, hind limb suspension, grip strength, and negative geotaxis (p < 0.05). Co-administration of CPZ+CEO significantly diminished the adverse effects of CPZ on the number of crosses in the open field test and duration on the rotarod (p < 0.05). Serum MDA activity increased while GPx, SOD, and TAS decreased in the mice treated with CPZ (p < 0.05). Co-administration of CPZ+CEO significantly reduced the adverse effects of CPZ on serum antioxidant levels (p < 0.05). These results suggested the protective effect of CEO against CPZ-induced MS mediated by its antioxidant activity.

Cancer immunotherapy emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to destroy tumor cells, and it has grown toward clinical transition following successful fundamental research and clinical trials. Immunotherapy by efficacious adjuvants is critical for increasing protective immune responses against infectious diseases and cancers. STING and TLR9 agonists are interesting candidates for novel immunotherapies of cancers. In this study, the antitumoral effects of ADU-S100, as a potent STING agonist, and CpG ODN1826, as a TLR9 agonist, in single and combined forms in CT-26 colon adenocarcinoma model were evaluated. This model was induced in female BALB/c mice which were divided into five groups treated with PBS, ADU-S100 (20 and 40 µg), CpG ODN (40 µg), and ADU-S100 (20 µg)+CpG ODN (20 µg). The tumor volumes and weights of mice were measured every other day. On the 30th day, the tumor, spleen, and liver tissues of mice were isolated for histopathological assessment. Hematological analysis was performed on heart blood. Intratumoral injection of agonists induced significant tumor suppression in all treatment groups with profound effect in the combination group that received half concentration of single form. Moreover, the histopathological analysis of tumor tissues showed the presence of apoptotic and inflammatory cells and increased the number of lymphocytes in the blood samples of the treatment groups indicating the effective role of these agonists in clearing the tumor. Therefore, a such synergy of adjuvants may have an effective role in cancer immunotherapy and offer new perspectives on the combination of agonists that trigger innate immune sensors during malignancy.

Limited data is available on the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates of ruminant origin. This study determined the molecular prevalence of ESBL-encoding genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaOXA) and antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) of 58 STEC isolates recovered from cattle (n= 32), sheep and goats (n= 26). In the current study, ESBL genes were identified by the molecular technique, while phenotypic AMR against six antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, neomycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim) were tested by disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic groups were also determined by a PCR scheme. Isolates were categorized into five phylogroups (A, B1, C, D and E) and B1 was the most prevalent phylogenetic group (43; 74.1%). Statistical analysis revealed significant association between phylogroup D and small ruminants (sheep and goats, p= 0.014). Moreover, the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance were related to tetracycline (25.9%) and neomycin (22.4%). Resistant isolates to tetracycline (p= 0.001), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p= 0.013) and neomycin (p= 0.000) were significantly prevalent among strains recovered from cattle. In addition, the majority of MDR strains were also had a significant distribution among cattle isolates (p= 0.001). In the current study, prevalence of ESBL positive STEC was 12.06% (7/58). Genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM were detected separately and in combination in bovine isolates. However, only one STEC strain of small ruminants harbored blaTEM. In conclusion, it seems that cattle isolates are notable sources of different AMR traits which could be a threat to veterinary sections, public health and food hygiene, in particular.

Uterine horn intussusception has rarely been reported in bitches. However, the pathogenesis is not entirely clear and the incidence of uterine intussusception in bitches is unknown. This disorder occurs during the postpartum period and is a challenging clinical condition in terms of presentation, diagnosis, and management. In this report, a case of uterine horn intussusception is described in a four-year-old female Chihuahua bitch, which presented with abdominal pain, lethargy, anorexia, tremors, recumbency, and ongoing reddish vaginal discharge 20 days after whelping two pups. All the hematological and biochemical test results were within normal ranges except for a decreased calcium level. Ultrasonographic examination revealed the multilayered appearance of the uterine wall. The midline laparotomy confirmed the invagination of a proximal segment of the uterine horn into its distal segment near the uterine body. Ovariohysterectomy was performed as the recommended treatment. This case highlights the importance of assessing abdominal pain to avoid delay in diagnosis and management. Moreover, uterine intussusception should be considered as a differential diagnosis in bitches with the symptoms of abdominal pain during the postpartum period.

During storage at low temperatures, the spermatozoa quality changes due to cold shock and free radicals. Diluent supplementation with antioxidants is an effort to maintain the quality of spermatozoa during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the α-tocopherol effect in CEP extender on sperm quality, membrane integrity, and lipid peroxidation during storage at 4°C-5°C. This was a laboratory experiment that compared the use of 2 mM of α-tocopherol in CEP with no addition of α-tocopherol (as control) in five bulls. Semen was collected from Brahman bulls, diluted in CEP with and without α-tocopherol, and stored at 4°C-5°C. Sperm motility and viability were investigated by a light microscope at a ×400 magnification using Eosin-Nigrosin staining. Moreover, membrane integrity was evaluated by lipid peroxidation using the MDA assay and hypoosmotic swelling test. The sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity were higher in CEP with α-tocopherol. Lipid peroxidation was significantly different between the treatment and control groups. The α-tocopherol supplementation in the diluent CEP could maintain the spermatozoa quality during storage at 4°C-5°C.

Oestrosis is nasal myiasis, which results from infestation with the larvae of flies that belong to the genus Oestrus. Nasal discharge and sneezing are the most common clinical signs in infected animals. Myiasis larvae were collected from sheep in different climatic regions of Iran. Morphological identification of the larvae was made based on the diagnostic keys. The species was confirmed by PCR amplifying the partial fragment (610 bp) of the mtCOI gene. Genetic distance was assessed in COI sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was drawn. Sequencing showed no difference in the partial COI gene among the Iranian isolates, and this gene had a high similarity with the sequences of O. ovis isolates from Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. The present study provided the first molecular dataset for O. ovis species, which is crucial for the phylogenetic relationships assessment and the molecular identification of these parasites.

Detection of sperm in the peritoneal fluid of animals is unusual and has not been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe the presence of sperm cells in the peritoneal fluid of a two-year-old ram. The ram was presented with dyspnea, reduced rumen contractions, a mild degree of dehydration, cyanotic mucosa, difficulty in standing, and anuria. Ancillary diagnostics, including ultrasonography, radiography, complete blood cell count, and abdominocentesis were performed. In the peripheral blood sample, no blood parasites were observed, although thrombocytosis with toxic neutrophilia, and atypical lymphocytes were seen in the blood smear. In radiographs, urolithiasis was confirmed just on the sigmoid flexure position. Ultrasound examination revealed a distended bladder and large amounts of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The electrocardiogram analysis showed the absence of P waves, bradycardia, wide QRS complexes, ST-segment elevation, and tented T waves. In the peritoneal fluid smears, a large number of spermatozoa, and increased inflammatory cells were observed. It was concluded that the trauma or rupture in colliculus seminalis, ductus deferens, or the urethra with urinary stones resulted in leakage of spermatozoa to the peritoneal cavity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of spermatozoa in the peritoneal fluid of large animals.

The seroprevalences of BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 were studied in the dairy cattle of Fars Province in the south of Iran and their associated risk factors were determined. Serum samples (n = 420) were collected from 36 cattle herds in the northern, central, and southern regions of the study area. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect antibodies against these viruses. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify potential risk factors. Antibodies were estimated 100% for all the studied viruses at the herd level and 76.43%, 76.90%, and 92.62% at the animal level for BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3, respectively. In logistic regression analysis, age for all the viruses, season for BPIV-3 and BAV-3, and region and farming type for BAV-3 were significantly related to seroprevalence at the animal level. A significant association of dual infections with studied viruses was identified. The present study demonstrated that BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 are very prevalent in the dairy herds of southern Iran and highlighted the necessity to establish a control program.

Sex has been reported to influence  the clinical chemistry of several species of fish. Whether sex impacts serum biochemistry composition and electrolyte profile of Heterobranchus longifilis is not well captured in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sex on the clinical chemistry composition and electrolyte profile of hybrid catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis. Blood samples were collected and biochemically analyzed. The analytes analyzed included alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, serum protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and urea. Uric acid, bicarbonate, Chloride, Sodium, and Potassium from 40 healthy Heterobranchus longifilis (20 males and 20 females). The males and females were not reproductively active at the time of sampling (None of the females had eggs). Most clinical chemistry analytes and electrolyte profiles of Heterobranchus longifilis showed differences between male and female values even though only a few (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, triglyceride, and uric acid) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Based on the findings in this study, we suggest that sexual differences affect the clinical chemistry and electrolyte profile of Heterobranchus longifilis. Hence, sexual differences should be taken into consideration during sampling in both natural and experimental studies in Heterobranchus longifilis.