This study was planned to evaluate the extracts of Aloe vera (AV) at three different pH as a growth promoter, immunostimulant and coccidiostat agent in broiler production. This experiment was undertaken for a period of 35 days in the Institute of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 150 dayold broiler birds (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 10 chicks each. Birds were offered commercial broiler starter and finisher diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg enramycin (ANT), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 3 (AV1), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 7 (AV2), 50 ml/liter AV of pH 12 (AV3) and only fresh clean water (CON).

This study was carried out on 124 dogs between February 2018 and November 2018 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in stray dogs in Van. Collected stool samples, after macroscopic examination, were examined by native, flotation and sedimentation methods in terms of eggs and larvae. According to the results of the study, 43 (34.68%) of 124 dogs were detected as infected with various types of helminths. The most common species were respectively Toxascaris leonina (16.13%), Toxocara canis (12.90%), Ancylostoma caninum (5.64%), Taenia spp. (4.84%), Dipylidium caninum (3.22%), Uncinaria stenocephala (3.22%), Capillaria spp. (3.22%), Fasciola hepatica (2.70%) and Dicrocoelium dentriticum (1.35%) 35.14% of the female dogs were infected with parasites, while this rate was 34% for males. Statistically, infection status in males and females does not differ significantly by gender (Chi-Square: 0,17 p >0.05). When the distribution by age is examined, it is 0.5-2 years with the highest rate of 45.3%, 2-6 years with 27.7% and 5-9 years with 25%. According to age, infection status does not show a statistically significant difference (Chi-Square: 4.64, p> 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the subsi substantial presence of zoonotic helminths in straydogs in the province of Van poses a threat to human health and protective measures should be taken againstit.

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella and their antibiotic resistance pattern against two commonly used antibiotics: ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in marketed live chickens in a live birds market. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on live Sonali chickens (crossbred of Fayoumi female and Rhode Island Red male). Cloacal swabs were collected from 50 randomly selected live birds from 5 retail sellers (10 samples/seller) at Jhawtola live birds’ market, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Culture and biochemical tests were used to identify Salmonella. Positives samples for Salmonella were further tested for antibiogram by disc diffusion method.Salmonella was identified from 28 (56%) of samples by culture and biochemical test. Among the positive isolates, 27 (96.42%) samples exhibited resistant to ceftriaxone, and 20 (71.42%) samples were to ciprofloxacin.The result of this study indicates there is a high prevalence of Salmonella in marketed local chicken and are resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin which has economic importance as well as a public health concern. Awareness should be increased to prevent random use of antibiotics and provision of strict biosecurity measures.

The study was focused to investigate the occurrence of a fatal capture myopathy (CM) after chemical immobilization during translocation in different places and to evaluate serum enzymes of stressed deer and pathologic alteration of vital organs of dead animals due to CM. Materials and Methods: The experimental data was collected from Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka and the experiment was conducted at the Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Immediate after capture the animals were allowed to normalize body temperature by pouring sufficient water over the body. Peripheral blood was aspirated from jugular vein for serum biochemical analysis. Once the animals died, vital organs were collected and processed for histology.Data from 2013 to 2018 revealed 178 animals captured through darting and among them 40 animals died due to post-capture myopathy reflecting death rate of 22.47%. We have closely studied on 16 animals captured on different occasions. Serum enzyme analysis were exhibited increased levels of ALT, AST, Bilirubin, Creatinine, BUN, LDH, CK, Troponin, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL and were highly indicative of stress-linked muscle and organ damage. The macroscopic lesions consisted of muscular and cardiac degeneration, edema, hemorrhage and congestion in lung, adrenal gland and in kidney. Microscopically there were loss of striation and fragmentation of skeletal muscle, formation of contraction band necrosis in myocardial fiber, degenerative changes in renal tubule and formation of central intraluminal eosinophilic casts.The pathological findings were indicative of capture myopathy in spotted deer. This report underlines that mortality from capture is a risk that must be considered during restocking programs.

In this case report, treatment of the proximal tibial fracture of a calf with a linear external fixator (orthofix) system was presented. Oblique fracture was diagnosed proximal to left tibia regarding the clinical and radiological findings. Following the routine preparatory steps for the operation, the extremity was suspended and the fracture was reduced with orthofix from the lateral side of the tibia under general anesthesia. After the operation, it was observed that the calf could functionally use the related extremity from the first day. The consolidation was completed on the 41st day, and the fixator was removed on 47th day. In conclusion, it was considered that the proximal tibial fractures of calves could be successfully treated with a linear external fixator.

In this study, three different methods were compared for the identification of some Gram-positive and Gramnegative reference bacteria. Material and Methods: For this purpose, the identification accuracy rates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens were analysed by conventional bacteriological methods, commercial bacterial identification test kit (Microgen™ ID) and automated bacteria identification system (BD Phoenix 100™).

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram negative, positive oxidase, anaerobic, and opportunistic bacteria that, under certain conditions, become a pathogen (in humans and fish). This bacterium causes toxin and host infection in which different antibiotic resistance in isolated strains has been reported in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this bacterium and its susceptibility to common antibiotics in Tabriz city.50 samples from 5 Reared Oncorhynchus mykiss farms in Tabriz city (For each farm,10 numbers) were randomly assigned to suspected fish to the disease. By using biochemical tests, 14 samples (28%) from 2 Fish farms (40%) were identified as A.hydrophila. Antibiogram for these specimens showed that the bacterium had the highest resistance tovancomycin (100 %) and clindamycin (92.8%) antibiotics, and has the most sensitivity to the antibiotics ofsultrim, tetracycline and oxytetracycline with 71.4%.Considering the different antibiotic resistance pattern in this study and other similar studies,the necessity of examining the pattern of resistance in each region seems necessary.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is common in the world. Because of the difficulties in the treatment and control of the disease, the disease has gained popularity among researchers. Today, however, no vaccine has been developed for human protection. Considering the fact that the vector can survive in a wide ecosystem and the disease can be detected in many mammals such as humans, dogs, rodents, prevention from leishmaniasis and treatment of the disease require a combined intervention. The toxic effects of the drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, the expensive treatment and the resistance of the parasite to the drug have led to the research of alternative treatment methods. This review is intended to provide an overview of leishmaniasis alternative treatment practices and to guide new researchs.

Objective: In this study, LMS, zinc and vitamin AD3E were used with enterotoxaemia vaccine in sheep, in order to investigate their immunostimulant activities and also to make a comparison among them regarding their immunostimulatory properties. Material and Methods: In the research 40 sheep were divided into 4 groups, each group consisted of 10 sheep. Group I only vaccinated against enterotoxaemia. In groups II, III and IV besides enterotoxaemia vaccine, LMS, zinc and vitamin AD3E were used, respectively. Blood samples were taken on days 0 and 35 of the experiment. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) were determined using ELISA kits specific to sheep immunoglobulins. Hematological parameters and serum zinc levels were also determined.Results: Levamisole-treated group showed a significant increase in serum level of IgM, and zinc-treated group demonstrated a significant increase in serum IgG level (P<0.05). In day 35, serum IgM level was the highest in LMS group (group II) based on its levels in groups III and IV (P<0.05) and also IgG level was highest in group II when compared to its levels in groups III and IV (P<0.01). In group II, statistically significant decrease in total WBC and lymphocyte counts and statistically significant increase in thrombocyte counts were determined on day 35 (P<0.05). In group III, statistically significant decrease in total WBC, neutrophil counts and hematocrit values were detected (P<0.05), although, these changes were within physiologically normal limits.Conclusion: In conclusion, LMS stimulated the increase in IgM levels and zinc stimulated the increase in IgG levels without inducing adverse effect and the increase in antibody production resulted in the enhancement of humoral immune response to enterotoxamia vaccine. The use of LMS and zinc as immunostimulant together with vaccination is recommended.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of geographical area (central and southwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina) on hematological and biochemical blood parameters of autochthonous Pramenka sheep. Materials and The study included 104 sheep from the Vlasic mountain (central part) (n = 52) and Livno (southwestern part) (n = 52). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein into Vactuainer tubes with EDTA anticoagulant for hematological, for glucose, analyses and BD Vacutainer® SST II gel for biochemical analyses. All hematological and biochemical analyses were performed within the next 24 hours, and until then the samples were kept at 4 °C. Hematological parameters included total Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), Mean Corpuscolar Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscolar Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and White Cell Differential Count (WCDC). Analyzes are carried out using the automated veterinary hematological analyzer Advia 120 SIEMENS. Blood in the serum tubes was allowed to clot for at least 30 min prior to centrifugation. Serum samples were kept frozen at -20 °C until biochemical analyses were performed. Biochemical parameters were determined by analyzer Olimpus AU400 with Beckman Coulter reagens according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Parameters for biochemistry panel included: total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), urea (BUM), creatinine (CRE), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol (CHO), bilirubin (BIL), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P),sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). All analyzes were tested to spectrophotometric method, except for Na, K, Cl, which were generated by ISE method, or by ion selective method. BHBA and NEFA were constructed with reagents from Randox.Results: The values of WBC (p<0.05), RBC (p<0.001), Hb (p<0.001), PCV (p<0.001), MCV (0.05), NEU (p<0.01) from the Livno area, while the value of LYM (p<0.05) was determined for sheep from the Vlasic area. The correlative values between RBC: Hb (P<0.001), RBC:PCV (P<0.001), WBC:NEU (P<0.001), WBC:LYM (P<0.001), WBC:BAS (P<0.001) areas. The correlative correlation at P<0.01 was established between RBC:MCH, RBC:PLT, RBC:MPV in sheep from Vlasica area, while correlative values at P<0.05 were established between RBC:MPC, WBC:MON for sheep from the Livno area. The values of BHB (p<0.001), total protein (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.001), urea (p<0.001), AST (p<0.001), cholesterol (p<0.001) , magnesium (p<0.001) were determined for sheep in area Livno. The values of NEFA (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.01), glucose (p<0.001), bilirubin (p<0.001), phosphate (p<0.001) were established for sheep in the Vlasic area. Correlative correlation (P<0.001) between total protein:chloride, calcium:phosphates, sodium:chlorides was found in animals from Vlasic area, while correlation was found (P<0.05) between sodium:chloride in animals from the Livno area.It was concluded that values showed significant differences for individual haematological and biochemical parameters in sheep for both investigated areas.