ABSTRACT Laboratory animals have frequently been used in scientific and preclinical pharmaceutical drug safety and efficacy research. Although the introduction of new in silico assays and computer modeling for drug discovery has shown promise in reducing laboratory animal trials, there is still a need to develop in vitro alternatives to in vivo animal models. The in vitro spheroid wound model is one of the best options for developing alternative techniques to animal research as it is the most widely used laboratory animal model. The aim of the study is to using 3D in vitro wound modeling as an alternative to in vivo wound healing assays. In the study, a three-dimensional cell culture (organoid culture) with cell/cell and cell/matrix junctions was generated using the most common Fibroblast and HaCaT cell lines hanging drop technique to replicate the healing stages in the injured skin area. After spheroid epidermal structures were formed, inhibitors and activators were added to the culture medium and their effects on the wound line and 3D cells produced were determined. It was noted that the number of spheroid structures increased significantly and cell-cell interactions became visible in the additional activator groups compared to the control groups. When the inhibitor-treated group was compared with the control groups, it was observed that the formed structures completely disappeared or decreased in amount and cell-cell interactions could not be established. In conclusion, this study offers an alternative to using laboratory animals to evaluate potential medicines and/or extracts in wound healing experiments.

The current study aims to examine the occurrence and antibiotic susceptabilities including methicillin resistance of S. aureus in pet cats oral and nasal svabs and to assess their potential role in the epidemiology for antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal bacterium found in the skin, nasal microbiota,  mucose membrans and respiratory tracts of humans and animals especially dogs and cats, respectively. This trend of increasing pet ownership has raised concerns about the potential for companion animals to spread zoonotic infections, including S. aureus. A total of 12 (%25) S. aureus isolates were obtained and identified as bright zoned black colonies on RPF-BP agar from 48 nasal and oral swabs collected from cats. According to the evaluation of methicillin susceptibility using the disk diffusion test following the EUCAST method, 2 S. aureus isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant. All S. aureus strains isolated were determined to be susceptible to vancomycin. In the double-disk diffusion test conducted to determine susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin, one (1) of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates also exhibited resistance to both erythromycin and clindamycin. In the PCR test, among the 2 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, 2 contained the mecC gene, while mecA gene was not found. Considering that these animals are pets, it suggests that they could transmit MRSA bacteria to their owners or other individuals through various routes such as biting, licking, and close contact. These results are of significant importance from a public health perspective, especially one health perspective.

Toxicology is a science that dates to Ancient Egypt. Animal and herbal poisons were classified according to their source, and cases were categorized based on symptoms, with comments about prognosis, were included at texts were written Ancient Egypt period. In the texts written by the ancient writer Strabo, it is understood that communities with mastery on snakes lived in Anatolia. There is also information that plant-derived poisons were used in hunting and war tools in ancient time. It is seen that poisons were used quite widely in the Roman Period. There is also the extensive use of lead, especially in Roman plumbing, caused researchers to think about whether there was mass chronic poisoning. The aim of this study is to determine the current situation in order to use the Toxicology discipline in the field of Archaeology and to shed light on the period by using animals that met needs such as food sources, mounts and protection in the ancient period as biomarkers.

As a result of many traumatic factors such as traffic accidents, falls from height, gunshot wounds and animal fights with each other, orthopedic and soft tissue damage, especially fractures, occur in the musculoskeletal system. Among the fractures within these lesions, the incidence of hind limb long bone fractures is higher than other bones. While the incidence of femur fractures among other fractures in cats is 20-26%, tibia fractures constitute a significant proportion of approximately 20% of other fractures. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the distribution, etiology, treatment, and treatment results of fractures in cats with hind limb bone fractures (n=92). In addition to the use of intramedullary nails and plates, external fixators are also used for the treatment of hind limb bone fractures. Despite the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, most of the time no problems are observed during the application of these techniques and in the postoperative period. A functional recovery was observed in all cats at postoperative follow-up. As a result, it can be said that the method to be used in hind limb bone fractures in cats varies according to the surgeon's preference, experience, and existing orthopedic material inventory. However, anatomical locking plates have the advantages of not using postoperative bandages and allowing the limb to be used early.

Cadmium (Cd), a prevalent heavy metal pollutant, is known for its harmful effects on physiological functions within the biological system. In this study, the effects of Cd exposure on some kidney related biochemical and histopathological parameters in rabbits were investigated, alongside exploring the potential protective role of methanolic extract from Phoenix dactylifera (MEPD) on the kidney. The study included 45 male rabbits, aged 24-28 weeks and weighing approximately 1.41-1.43 kg were assigned into five (5) treatment groups (control, Cd-only, Cd + 300 mg MEPD, Cd + 600 mg MEPD and Cd + 900 mg MEPD) in a completely randomized design. The rabbits received a 7-day dose of 3 mg CdCl2/kg feed, followed by MEPD every 72 hours for 28 days. Results revealed higher significant (P<0.05) differences in serum glucose, urea and creatinine in Cd-only treated group when compared with the control group. MEPD treatment significantly (P<0.05) lowered serum glucose levels in Cd-exposed rabbits, indicating a potential glycemic modulating activity, but had no significant (P>0.05) effect on urea and creatinine concentrations. High density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol ratios were not significantly different but showed marginal improvement in the Cd+MEPD groups compared to the Cd-only group. The findings also revealed significant differences in both absolute and relative kidney weights between the group treated with Cd alone and the control group, indicating potential renal injury induced by Cd. Histopathological examination revealed kidney damage in Cd-exposed rabbits, with observed changes such as disruption of Bowman’s capsule, glomerular shrinkage, degeneration of renal tubules and haemorrhage. The administration of MEPD did not ameliorate the observed histopathological alterations. In conclusion, this study suggests that Cd exposure may induce hyperglycemia and kidney injury in rabbits. MEPD treatment demonstrated some protective effects against Cd-induced hyperglycemia but did not significantly mitigate kidney damage.

To assess the effect of administration of medetomidine alone or in combination with tramadol on tear secretion (TS) in cats as well as their reversal with atipamezole. For the purpose of the study, a total of 46 cats, representing different breeds and genders, were selected and divided into two groups using a random assignment method. Group M was administered medetomidine at a dose of 80 µg/kg intramuscularly. Group MT was given a combination of medetomidine and tramadol at doses of 80 µg/kg and 2 mg/kg intramuscularly, respectively. Tear secretion was measured using Schirmer tear test I before sedation and at 15 (T15) - 60 (T60) minutes post-sedation with 15 min intervals. At 30 minutes, all cats were given atipamezole (200 µg/kg IM). TS statistically decreased until T30 measurement in both groups (P < 0.05). The TS decreased more in MT group compared to M group at T30 measurements (P < 0.05). TS increased in both groups post-atipamezole but didn't return to initial (T0) levels by study end (T60). Premedication with tear protectors or artificial tears is advised when using MT and M group agents in cats, and atipamezole can reverse their effects post-procedure.

Traumatic vertebral fractures and/or dislocations in cats and dogs can cause severe spinal cord injury, resulting in severe conditions such as pain, urinary incontinence, paresis or paraplegia. This study involved 58 cats and 12 dogs with external spinal trauma, and it was aimed to present the etiology, treatment and results, retrospectively. After the location of the neurological damage was determined, the patients were treated either conservatively or surgically. One of the surgical methods such as polyaxial screw, locking plate application and external fixation application was decided. In the treated animals, complete recovery was seen in 10 cats and functional recovery in 14 cats and 1 dog, but 12 cats and 2 dogs were in poor condition. Loss of deep pain sensation after spinal trauma is important for prognosis. Although there are many different treatment options, the decision should be made according to the patient's condition and the surgeon's preference. In addition, patients with spinal trauma also require serious trauma management and it is very important that the animal's vital values are stable.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intratesticularly administered lidocaine and bupivacaine in castration in cats. 20 cats were divided into two groups regardless of breed and age. 80 microgram/kg medetomidine injection was administered for sedation. 4 mg/kg lidocaine or 1 mg/kg bupivacaine were injected intratesticularly in lidocaine and bupivacaine groups respectively. Castration was performed with routine methods. The reactions of the animals to the incision and the extraction of the funiculus spermaticus were recorded. After the operation, the animals were awakened by atipamezole. The pulse rate, respiratory rate and pain scores were evaluated for 6 hours at half-hour intervals. UNESP-Botucatu cat pain scale, Grimace cat pain scale and Glasgow cat pain scale were used to evaluate pain scores. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in Grimace and Glasgow pain scores at the 150th min. and 180th min. postoperative evaluations (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in Botucatu pain score at the 60th, 90th, 150th, 180th, 300th and 330th min. (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the pulse and respiration values ​​(p>0.05). As a result, it was determined that bupivacaine should be preferred to lidocaine for long-lasting surgical procedures and postoperative analgesia due to its long duration of action.

The requirement for vitamin D intake of dairy cattle has been better understood within the past few years and is well accepted by dairy producers and veterinary surgeons. In our country, as to the present author knowledge. In our country, as to the present author knowledge whether current recommendations and practices for supplemental vitamin D are meeting the needs of dairy cattle, however, is not well known. Circulatory vitamin D status of calves has been truly denoted via 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolite levels in serum/plasma, with a concentration of 30 ng/mL proposed as a lower threshold for sufficiency. The present author was unaware of finding documented reports regarding vitamin d and its alterations among calves with respiratory distress. In the present study 16 calves (Group 1) were presenting clinical signs of respiratory problems and other 12 (Group 2) were selected as healthy control group. All necessary blood samples were taken were analyzed by Savant Fluorescent Immunoassay Device by use of Savant 25(OH)D test kits. Vitamin D (ng/mL) (X ̅ ± SE) among healthy calves and calves with pneumonia were detected as 63.21 ± 5.63 vs. 23.80 ± 2.75 with a statistical significance (p ≤0,001). In summary it should not be unwise to draw conclusion that pulmonary defence against respiratory infections should involve Vitamin D supplementation at appropriate dosages among calves.

Apoptosis plays a role in many events such as the remodeling of cells starting from embryo formation, the elimination of faulty or dysfunctional cells, and is important for cellular balance. Bcl-2 family and various mediators, of which caspases are the basis, play a role in maintaining this balance in apoptosis. These mediators are important in the initiation, continuation and arrest of apoptosis pathways, and in the regulation of cellular balance. Damages to these mechanisms can cause undesirable results and diseases. In this review, we tried to give information about the pathways of apoptosis and the basic molecules involved in the regulation of apoptosis.