Twenty-six mixed-breed (14 males, 12 females) dogswere used in a double-blind study to evaluate the effect of milbemycin oxime against naturally acquired infection with Ancylostoma caninum. Dogs were ranked and paired, on the basis of number of hookworm eggs/g of feces, and treatment was randomly assigned. Each dog was given either the study drug or placebo (1 tablet/11.4 kg [0.5 mg/kg] of body weight). Eggs per gram of feces enumeration was done on days 3 and 7 after treatment, and dogs were euthanatized on day 7. On day 3, 5 of the 13 dogs in the milbemycin-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces (results of the McMaster test). In these dogs, mean number of eggs per gram of feces had decreased markedly (from 5,289 to 452) and, by day 7, was 114. At necropsy, 16 A caninum adults were recovered from 2 of the milbemycin-treated dogs. On day 3, 12 of the 13 dogs in the placebo-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces. Mean number of eggs per gram of feces in these dogs decreased slightly (from 5,243 to 2,646), but did not decrease further by day 7. A mean number of 54.4 A caninum adults was recovered from 12 of the 13 placebo-treated dogs at necropsy. Milbemycin oxime had 97.8% efficacy against A caninum. Results also indicated that milbemycin oxime may be effective against Trichuris vulpis, but not against Dipylidium caninum.

Eighteen dogs with naturally acquired helminth infections were used to evaluate the efficacy of nitroscanate against Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, and Trichuris vulpis. Approximately 15 minutes before treatment, the dogs were given 100 to 200 g of canned dog food. Ten dogs were treated with nitroscanate (50 mg/kg of body weight, PO), and 8 dogs were given placebo tablets PO. The dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 10 days after treatment and helminths were recovered from the small intestine and cecum. On the basis of the number of worms recovered from treated dogs vs the number recovered from control dogs, we determined the efficacy of nitroscanate to be 99.6% against A caninum, 99.8% against D caninum, and 0% against T vulpis.

In a 4 x 4 crossover-design study, pharmacokinetic variables of 2 injectable formulations of netobimin (trisamine salt solution and zwitterion suspension) were compared after SC administration in calves at dosage of 12.5 mg/kg of body weight. Netobimin parent drug was rapidly absorbed, being detected between 0.25 and 12 hours after treatment, with maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) values of 2.20 +/- 1.03 micrograms/ml achieved at 0.75 +/- 0.19 hour (trisamine) and 1.37 +/- 0.59 micrograms/ml at 0.81 +/- 0. 18 hour (zwitterion). Netobimin area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 7.59 +/- 3.11 micrograms.h/ml (trisamine) and 6.98 +/- 1.60 micrograms.h/ml (zwitterion). Elimination half-life (tl/2 beta) was 2.59 +/- 0.63 hours (trisamine) and 3.57 +/- 1.45 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole was not detected at any time. Albendazole sulfoxide was detected from 4 hours up to 20 hours (trisamine) and from 6 hours up to 24 hours (zwitterion) after administration of the drug. The Cmax values were 0.48 +/- 0.16 micrograms/ml and 0.46 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml for trisamine and zwitterion formulations, respectively, achieved at time to peak drug concentration (Tmax) values of 9.50 +/- 1.41 hours (trisamine) and 11.30 +/- 1.04 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfoxide AUC was 3.86 +/- 1.04 micrograms.h/ml (trisamine) and 4.40 +/- 3.24 micrograms.h/ml (zwitterion); tl/2 beta was 3.05 +/- 0.75 hours (trisamine) and 3.90 +/- 1.44 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone was detected from 4 (trisamine) or 6 hours (zwitterion) to 24 hours after treatment. The AUC was 6.98 +/- 1.60 micrograms.h/ml (trisamine) and 10.51 +/- 7.41 micrograms.h/ml (zwitterion); Cmax was 0.76 +/- 0.21 micrograms/ml at Tmax of 12.00 +/- 1.85 hours (trisamine) and 0.70 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml at Tmax of 12.50 +/- 2.33 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone t1/2 beta was significantly (P < 0.05) longer for the zwitterion formulation (7.77 +/- 4.72 hours) than for the trisamine salt (2.87 +/- 0.61 hours). Albendazole sulfone AUC was higher than albendazole sulfoxide AUC, resulting in AUC ratio of 1.8 (trisamine) and 2.4 (zwitterion). The 2 formulations were not significantly different in terms of AUC or Tmax for netobimin and albendazole sulfone, AUC for albendazole sulfoxide, or tl/2 beta for netobimin and albendazole sulfoxide. It was concluded that the 2 netobimin injectable formulations were bioequivalent. Experimental phase had a significant effect on the AUC and Cmax for albendazole sulfoxide and on the Cmax for netobimin. One possible explanation for the differences between phases could be induction of liver microsomal enzymes by netobimin and its metabolites, resulting in increased rate of metabolism during phase 2 of the study.

A controlled test was performed to titrate the anthelmintic dosage of dienbendazole in 24 mixed-breed ponies naturally infected with Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and small strongyle species, as determined by parasitic egg and larval counts in feces. Comparison of results of treatment was made among 3 dienbendazole dosages--2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of body weight-and a gum (excipient) mixture given by nasogastric intubation. All ponies were euthanatized and necropsied at 7 or 8 days after treatment. Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, S vulgaris, S edentatus, small strongyles, and Oxyuris equi were efficaciously eliminated in response to all doses of dienbendazole; Gasterophilus spp were not affected by any dose. There were not sufficient numbers of Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala spp, or Parascaris equorum in the ponies to evaluate drug effect. Changes in the appearance of the intestinal lining were dose-dependent; in the ponies treated with 5 and 10 mg of dienbendazole/kg, the mucosa appeared clean and smooth, though in ponies given 2.5 mg/kg, it appeared clean, but was nodular and moderately reactive to embedded immature small strongyles. In the gum mixture-treated ponies, the large intestinal mucosa was inflamed, with edematous areas, in response to infections caused by large and small strongyles. A limited clinical titration was done in 12 ponies that were fecal culture negative for S vulgaris larvae, although other strongyles were detected. Two ponies in each of 6 groups were given the following dosages: 0 (gum mixture only), 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg of dienbendazole/kg. One group of 2 ponies was given 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg as a standard treatment control. On the basis of pre- and posttreatment fecal examinations (for egg and larval counts), dienbendazole at dosages that ranged from 1 to 5 mg/kg was highly effective and as effective as fenbendazole given at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Small strongyles were most responsive to fenbendazole and dienbendazole at all dosages. Egg production by S edentatus was eliminated by administration of fenbendazole and dienbendazole (at dosages of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). Administration of dienbendazole at a dosage of 1 mg/kg resulted in partial elimination of S edentatus egg production. Trichostrongylus axei egg production was eliminated by administration of dienbendazole at dosages of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, but not by the administration of 1 mg/kg. Parascaris equorum egg production was eliminated from the single infected pony given dienbendazole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg.

helminths of naturally infected dogs and cats, effect of febantel/praziquantel paste

Dirofilaria immitis, dogs, histopathological study of host response and fate of microfilariae after treatment with ivermectin

Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, naturally infected 10-week-old female pigs, anthelmintic activity of ivermectin administered subcutaneously or orally

oxfendazole bolus for cattle, spray-dried lactose quality as influencing in vitro dissolution and bioavailability

gastrointestinal parasites, horses, anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin, adverse local or systemic reactions not observed

Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostoma caninum, and other helminths, dogs, efficacy of febantel paste formulation at various dosage levels, paste appeared palatable and there were no apparent adverse effects observed