The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis of an improved growth, feed utilization efficiency, and economic efficiency (EE) of broiler chickens reared on different diets supplemented with spirulina (SPA), cinnamon oil (CO) and citric acid (CA). Total of 128 broiler chicken were divided randomly in to 4 group 32 chicks for each, with 4 replicants (8 bird/replicant).  Group1 (control) fed diet without any additives. Group2 fed control diet + spirulina (2g /kg feed). Group3 fed control diet + cinnamon oil (1ml /kg feed). Group4 fed control diet + citric acid (5g /kg feed). The result indicated that SPA, CO, and CA has a significant effect at (p<0.05) on growth performance parameters (feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)). SPA recorded the highest FI while CA recorded the lowest value. It was noticed that SPA and CA do better than CO in live weight and weight gain. The best FCR was in CA group (1.61). SPA and CA has considerable effect at (P<0.05) on dressing percent while, CO had no significant effect. CO and CA had a significant impact at (P<0.05) on thymus relative weight. From The Economic point of view CA and SPA in the select doses had improved economic measures and relative economic efficiency (REE) indicating high return and net profit, benefit cost ratio, profitability percent, net profit margin. In contrast CO had no distinct effect on these parameters in the selected dose. Bearing in mind that citric acid had a preference in improving economic efficiency over spirulina. SPA, CO and CA may be used as feed additives for broiler chicken to enhance growth performance, Economically CA and SPA in the selected doses is better to increase return and profitability. Citric acid has the advantage in terms of its presence in the market and its low price compared to spirulina.

A useful approach for evaluating antitussive drugs in humans is to determine the sensitivity of the cough reflex to a standard challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if methods used to induce coughing in humans would be effective when used on awake, untrained, healthy dogs for future application in therapeutic trials involving dogs with spontaneous disease. Methods tested were: mechanically stimulating the trachea by digital compression as well as by vibration from an electric shaver, neck massager, and palm sander (11 dogs), and administering nebulized irritant (3000 micromolar capsaicin), acidic (1 M citric acid), and hypotonic (deionized water) solutions using face masks (4 dogs). The threshold for success was defined as induction of at least 2 moderate or strong coughs in at least 75% of the dogs. None of the methods tested was successful. Digital compression induced soft (n = 2) or moderate (n = 1) coughing in 3 of 11 dogs tested. Nebulization of citric acid induced 1 soft cough in 1 of 4 dogs. It was concluded that coughing cannot be successfully induced in awake, healthy dogs using methods that are successful in humans. Other strategies must be developed so that cough sensitivity can be objectively and non-invasively measured in dogs for clinical research purposes.

For poultry farmers and quails producers’, one of the biggest challenges is dealing with natural diet contaminants like mycotoxins. Worldwide, mycotoxins are present in all feed sources, primarily in corn, and they significantly reduce the health, immune function, and performance of birds. For this purpose, the effect of citric acid (CA) supplement on contaminated diet with Aflatoxins (AFL) in the liver biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural studies of male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). Influences of experimental diets were assessed in 3 replications of 6 birds each (n = 18 per treatment). Quails two weeks old were assigned into 4 equal groups. The control quails fed only basal diet, AFL group quails were given basal diet contaminated with 2.5 mg AFL/kg diet, citric group quails fed basal diet with 10 g citric acid/Kg, and AFL/citric group quails fed basal diet contaminated with 2.5 mg AFL /Kg and augmented with 10 g/Kg citric acid. After four weeks, feeding AFL to quails induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by significant decline in body weight, serum albumin and total protein while it significantly increased serum ALT, and AST activities. AFL also induces liver oxidative stress by the elevation of lipid peroxidation and reducing GPx, ADH, SOD and catalase activities. Descriptive hepatic histological and ultrastructural alteration were also noted in the AFL group. Treatment with CA induced an increase in total protein, albumin, SOD, GPx, ADH and significantly decreased ALT and AST activities and MDA level. Moreover, it also improved the histological and ultrastructure alternations induced in the liver of AFL group. It was concluded that supplementation of CA into the AFL polluted diets lessened the adverse influences of AFL on quail’s liver.

Fish have a number of bacteria naturally, causing foodborne infections. The present work was conducted to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. in Bluespot mullet and the antibacterial effect of citric acid against the isolated pathogens. S. aureus was detected in 11 and 5 samples representing 44% and 20% of the total examined raw and cooked samples, respectively. Also, E. coli was detected in 6 and 2 samples representing 24% and 8% of the total examined raw and cooked samples, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. and Aermonas spp. were detected in 10 and 5 samples, representing 40% and 20% of the total examined raw bluespot mullet samples, respectively. While they weren’t detected in cooked bluespot mullet samples. The enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus were detected in 27.27% and 20% of raw and cooked samples, respectively.  Enterotoxins A, A&C and D were 9.09% while enterotoxin A was identified in 20% cooked bluespot mullets. The serological identification of E. coli showed the presence of O156: H7, O127: H6, O125:H21, O15: H12 and O91: H21. P. aeruginosa strains were divided into 2 serotypes P. aeruginosa serotype (O11 group E and O2 group B). pslA, oprL and toxA virulence genes of P. aeruginosa were detected in all examined isolates. Citric acid has great antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Aermonas spp as it causes complete inhibition for them. The findings suggest the application of citric acid during preparation of bluespot mullet is beneficial.

Present study was undertaken to evaluate the shelf life of chhana podo prepared from 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid and stored at ambient temperature (30+ 20 C). Microbial, physico-chemical and sensory qualities of product were studied during storage. The chhana podo were analyzed Standard Plate Count (SPC), yeast and mould count on alternate days. The SPC, yeast and mould count increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) with the progress of storage at ambient temperature in 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid products. No significant change in SPC, yeast and mould count was observed up to 2nd day storage but later there was remarkable increase in SPC (2.79 &amp; 2.55) as well as yeast and mould count (12.40 &amp; 12.30) at the end of day four. The significant reduction in pH, moisture and fat content in 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid products during the progress of storage of 8 days, while protein content showed an increasing trend. All the sensory quality attributes of products made by 1% citric acid and 2% lactic acid were comparable up to 2 days of storage from then on declined significantly with progress of storage. Colour, body &amp; texture, flavour and overall acceptability score of channa podo declined significantly up to the 4th days of storage. Thus, the findings of the study indicated that the channa podo could be safely stored upto 4th days at ambient temperature. &nbsp;

Objectives: Current research aimed to compare the effects of fungal and bacterial phytase with or without citric acid (CA) on growth performance, serum mineral profile, bone quality, and nutrient retention in birds given non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)-deficient diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 Indian River broiler chicks were disturbed into six groups, namely, i) positive control (PC), ii) negative control (NC) contained 0.2% lower nPP than that in the PC diet, iii) NC + fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger), iv) NC + fungal phytase with 2% CA, v) NC + bacterial phytase (Escherichia coli), and vi) NC + bacterial phytase with 2% CA. Results: Compared to the PC group, the NC group showed poor performance, serum phospho¬rus (P) content, P retention, and bone quality. However, with the inclusion of phytase, all these phenomena were improved. The addition of bacterial phytase showed better values compared with fungal phytase. The main effects of phytase were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), metabolizable energy conversion ratio (MECR), and P retention. The addition of CA, either with fungal or bacterial phytases, did not show considerable beneficial effects on overall performance. However, the main effects of CA were significant on the FCR, MECR, and crude protein conversion ratio. Conclusion: Incorporating bacterial and fungal phytase into low-nPP diets enhanced the broiler&apos;s performance. The effects of bacterial phytase were more apparent than those of fungal phytase. However, the efficacy of phytase based on the source might relate to dose, and other factors need further investigation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 376-383]

Objective: A 35-day-long trial was conducted to compare the consequences of supplementing citric acid (CA), Spirulina platensis, and their combination as natural substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on the productive performance, dressing percentage, and blood serum metabolites of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 150-day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatment groups, each having 30 chicks in it (10 chicks per replicate cage). The dietary groups were as follows: 1- Control (corn–soybean-based), 2- Control + antibiotic (Enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg bodyweight), 3- Control + 1% S. platensis, 4- Control + 0.5% CA, and 5- Control + 1% spirulina + 0.5% CA. Starting from day 7 up to day 21, antibiotics were administered via water; spirulina and CA were offered via feed. Results: When compared to the control, all dietary supplements significantly (p < 0.05) improved broiler growth performance. However, dressing characteristics and serum metabolites (serum creatinine, albumin, and uric acid) were not influenced (p > 0.05) by dietary changes, except cholesterol level (p < 0.05). Supplementation with antibiotics, CA, and spirulina produced com-parable results. Among them, the CA-fed group recorded the highest live weight, weight gain, feed intake, improved feed conversion ratio, and the lowest serum cholesterol level (106.5 mg/ dl). The combination group performed better than the control, but not as well as their single supplementations. Conclusions: CA and S. platensis might both be good candidates as natural alternatives to AGP (Enrofloxacin). But, among them, CA performed better in terms of production performance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 1-7]