This case report describes paramphistomosis from the rumen ofan infected 3-year-old Bos indicus or also known as Zebu cattle that was sent to the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Ipoh,Perak for post-mortem examination with a history of a sudden death. On post-mortem, it was found that the rumen contents hada large number of pink, pear shaped flukes, which measured about 1 cm in length attached to the rumen wall. On performing the sedimentation technique on the rumen contents, operculated eggs with germ cells were observed microscopically under compound microscope with a magnification of 100×. Regular screening of cattle for flukes is an important part of parasite controlprogrammes especially in endemic areas as it can cause anaemia and deterioration in body condition.

Nematodes resistant to anthelmintics are of increasing concern to sheep farms in Malaysia. Thus to ascertain the degree of anthelmintic resistance in the sheep population, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) trials were conducted on sheep in the Veterinary Institute, Kluang. A total of 60 weaned sheep were selected and divided into six (6) equivalent groups. Group A was treated with ivermectin, Group B with Closantel, Group C with Fenbendazole, Group D with Levamisole, Group E with Cydectin and the remaining 10 were untreated controls. Faecal samples were collected from each sheep before treatment and repeated on day 14, 30, 45 and 60 post treatment. The worm egg counts were estimated by using McMaster’s method. The population of worm was classified as resistant if the adjusted percentage reduction was less than 90%. It is concluded that only levamisole can be used for helminthiasis control. The results showed that worms at the Sheep Unit of the Veterinary Institute, Kluang was suspected to be resistant to Ivermectin, Closantel and Cydectin. The worm population showed total resistance to fenbendazole. The strongyle population is mainly made up of 80% Haemonchus contortus and 20% of species were Oesophagostomum and Bunostomum.

This is a case report ofa captive female green peafowl (Pavomuticus) that was presented with severescaly legs with raised encrusted scaleson both legs. Diagnosis of scaly leg mitewas made based on history, clinical signs,and results of parasitological examinationfrom deep skin scrapping from the areaof lesions and response to treatment.Treatment consisted of Ivermectinsolution, administered orally at a doserate of 0.2 mg/kg. The gross lesionswere completely resolved 28 days posttreatment. It was concluded that based onthe treatment given, knemidocoptiasis orscaly leg can be successfully controlledwith good prognosis in captive birds. Careshould be taken as the mite is transmittedfrom bird to bird through prolonged closeor direct contact.

There is increasing alarm and awareness about the health dangerposed by the arthropod vector causing Onchocerciasis. This study was carried out with the aim to throw more light on the prevalence of the arthropod vector, Simulun damnosum. This research enabled us toproffer preventive advice to government and citizens. In carrying out this study, villages around flowing waters were used as sample sites. The method applied was direct observation, coupled with efficientrecording. Atmospheric temperature readings were periodically taken along with the density of the insect population observed under such temperature. The same was done for relative humidity (%), solar radiation (gm-ca/cm2, lum) and luminescence (cd/m2) in relation to the insect population of available FMH at every given period (fly per man hour). Our findings showed that climate conditions influence the reproductive level and numbers of the vector. The wet season is most conducive for the arthropod vector to reproduce and multiply. The humidity is high and temperature seems to be at the average. It is during this period that greater preventive measures need to beintentionally heightened to subdue the dangerous activities of the vector.

This is a study conducted to test the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Clinacanthus nutans (Sabah Snake Grass) water extracts and neem decoction against natural gastrointestinal helminthsin 4 groups of goats for a period of 4 weeks. This study was done on 24 experimental goats which were randomly chosen from a private farm at Gopeng, Perak. They were divided into four groups; control (n=6) and three treatment groups (n=6). Faecal egg counts and faecal culture to identify the L3 larvae were done and recorded weeklyfrom January until February 2015. Blood parameters such as FAMACHA and PCV were observed and recorded twice at the beginning and end of the study. The FEC results indicated that none of the threetreatments were significantly different to control group (P > 0.05).

Clinical trials have shown that currently available commercial vaccines against porcine pleuropneumonia provide inconsistent, serotype-specific protection from the disease. Recovery from naturally acquired infection, however, provides solid, serotype crossprotective immunity. We examined various serum responses of pigs receiving 1 of 4 commercial vaccines or a cell extract, and compared the serologic responses of these pigs after challenge exposure with virulent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Evaluation of serum included complement-mediated killing opsonizing capacity, IgG titers to whole organisms, and cytotoxin neutralization titers. Pigs that received the cell extract had fewer clinical signs of pleuropneumonia than pigs in other vaccinated groups, and also were significantly (P < 0.05) better protected from development of lung lesions and death. Such vaccinates were the only pigs that developed significant (P < 0.05) serum antibody titers (ie, protective immune response) to whole-cell antigens and to cytotoxin.

Polymyxin B and an antiserum against an Re mutant Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated for protective effect in an equine model of endotoxemia. Six 3- to 5-month-old foals were given endotoxin (0.25 micrograms/kg of body weight) IV after no pretreatment, or pretreatment with polymyxin B (6,000 U/kg, IV) or S typhimurium antiserum (1.5 ml/kg, IV). When given without pretreatment, endotoxin caused transient recumbency and increases in rectal temperature, and heart and respiratory rates. In addition, leukopenia and increases in circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) activities were detected. Compared with results obtained when endotoxin was given alone, pretreatment with polymyxin B resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower maximal plasma TNF and IL-6 activities, and significantly lower rectal temperature and respiratory rate. In contrast, compared with effects of endotoxin given without pretreatment, use of antiserum was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) higher respiratory rate, maximal plasma IL-6 activity, and total TNF response (as determined by areas under curves of plasma TNF vs time). These results indicate that polymyxin B may have potential as a treatment for equine endotoxemia. Salmonella typhimurium antiserum had no positive effect in this model, and, under certain conditions, may exacerbate the actions of endotoxin.

The capability of diclazuril, a benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial agent, to inhibit development of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii was examined in cultured human foreskin fibroblast cells and in Hsd:ICR mice. Treatment of infected cell cultures with 10.0, 1.0, 0.1 or 0.01 micrograms of diclazuril/ml for 3 days resulted in > 99% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls. Treatment with 0.005 micrograms of diclazuril/ ml resulted in > 97% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls. Treatment of host cells with 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 micrograms of diclazuril/ml for 24 hours prior to tachyzoite inoculation resulted in 97, 31, 0, and 0% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls, respectively, 3 days after inoculation. All mice that were treated orally with 10.0 mg of diclazuril/kg of body weight and 80% of mice treated orally with 1.0 mg of diclazuril/kg 1 day prior to and for 10 days after tachyzoite inoculation were protected against acute toxoplasmosis. Mice treated with 10.0 mg of diclazuril/kg did not develop protective immunity, whereas mice treated with 1.0 mg of diclazuril/kg survived challenge exposure.

Chicken egg yolk IgG can be absorbed and transferred as efficiently as colostral antibodies in the blood of neonatal pigs. Egg yolk IgG has a half-life of 1.85 days in newborn pig serum. This is shorter than the reported half-life (12 to 14 days) of homologous IgG in serum of pigs. Similar to colostral antibodies, egg yolk IgG absorption from intestine ceased at about 34 hours of age, after a logarithmic decrease in absorption rate from birth. Egg yolk IgG absorption inhibition time in the gastrointestinal tract took 1.73 hours to decrease by half. Egg yolk IgG was protective against experimentally induced diarrhea in pigs when it was administered at high dose, and multiple dosing was instituted. Adverse effects were not observed when chicken egg yolk IgG was administered orally to pigs.

An intramammary device (IMD) was adapted for use in ewes; this device was made of abraded poly. ethylene material (1.7 mm in diameter, 47 mm long) and formed a 15-mm-diameter loop in the gland cistern. The IMD was inserted in 1 gland in each of 43 ewes. A significant (P < 0.0001) increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC) was observed in glands provided with an IMD. This increase was attributable to an increase in neutrophil numbers and was observed during the first 12 weeks after insertion. The IMD had a protective effect against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus and S epidermidis), although different milk SCC were required for protection from each bacterial species in most ewes (10(6) and 2 X 10(5) cells/ml, respectively). Histologic studies revealed that the IMD induced local squamous metaplasia in the glandular part of the lactiferous sinus. Erythrocytes were found in milk from glands provided with an IMD throughout the studied period (35 days of the 45-day lactation) and, in some cases, blood clots were observed during the first 2 weeks of lactation. Glands with IMD also had lower milk production and quality at 30 and 32 days of lactation. Eight ewes with IMD were studied throughout a subsequent lactation. Milk from the IMD-containing glands had an increase in SCC, as in the previous lactation period; did not contain blood clots or erythrocytes; and had normal composition (similar to that in glands without the IMD).