Fish can be considered as an ideal food as it contains high protein content, minerals, vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are characterized by their low cost, severe toxicity against a wide array of pests, long duration of action and stability in the environment. OCPs have been used for many years in African countries, particularly in Egypt. Despite being outlawed everywhere, OCPs are still being used illegally. One of the main responsibilities of the food safety and public health sectors is to guarantee the safety and wholesomeness of such food products before they are made available to the general public. In order to determine the residual OCP contents in retailed tilapia, catfish, mullet, saurus, and pagrus, this study was conducted. The obtained results in the current investigation revealed the detection of OCPs at 80%, 50%, 20%, 15%, and 15% in the examined catfish, tilapia, mullet, saurus, and pagrus, respectively. Different OCPs were detected at variable concentrations; however, such concentrations were within the established permissible limits in Egypt. In conclusion, OCPs are still detected in different aquatic species and residual concentrations can be detected in different fish species retailed in the Egyptian fish markets. Therefore, it is highly advised to continuously check for OCP residues in fish.

Ensuring food safety and strict hygienic practices adopted across the meat industry's whole supply chain is a primary responsibility of the food safety sector. Monitoring the sanitary status of the retailed meat products is necessary to complete this task. Meat products including luncheon, sausage, burger, and minced meat retailed in Sharkia governorate, Egypt, were evaluated for hygiene indicators such as total bacterial counts (TBC), total coliforms counts (TCC), total Staphylococcus aureus (TSC), and total mold counts (TMC). Furthermore, isolation of some pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., was done. The results showed varying rates of microbial contamination in the examined meat products. Minced meat was generally the most contaminated with microorganisms. Salmonella spp., and Listeria spp., were isolated from the examined samples at varying rates. In conclusion, to produce meat products of excellent keeping quality, it is strongly advised to follow stringent hygiene procedures when handling meat from the time of slaughter and though out all manufacture process

Cancerous tumors are one of the main problems that cause of deaths in pet animals. The objective of this paper is to describe histopathological features of some neoplastic masses with confirmation using immunohistochemistry in pet animals.  Our study was done from May 2022 to August 2023 in Sharkia governorate, Egypt to correctly recognize 7 cases of pet animal neoplasms "5 cases of dogs and 2 queen case" based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.  The results revealed 2 cases of TVT in Penis with positive expressions for Iba2 and vimentin  , 1 Case of Sebaceous adenoma in Hock joint of male dog skin, 1 case of hepatoid carcinoma in perianal glands of male dog with positive immunolabelling for CK7  , 1 case of chondroblastic osteosarcoma  in A 4-year old, male, Great Dane dog  and 2 cases of queen with mammary gland adenocarcinoma with positive immunoreactivity for HER-2 and other mixed mammary neoplasm accompanied with sarcoma has positive staining for vimentin. It could be concluded that  the histopathological evaluations by H&E stain is the backbone method for neoplasms diagnosis and  using some  biomarkers added a confirmatory tools for these diagnosis.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne infectious disease of Equidae. Because of its severity and quick spread, It is cosidered as a notifiable disease. The current study intended to look into the current suitation of the vector-borne African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in Egypt, determine viral seroprevelance, and assess the associated risk factors. In this context, 2739 sera and 150 spleen samples were collected from different Egyptian governorates and tested for AHSV screening. The sera were investigated for presence of antibodies against AHSV whilst spleen samples were tested for AHSV Ag and RNA detection. The obtained results revealed that all 2739 sera samples tested negative for AHSV antibodies. Furthermore, using ELISA and conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to identify AHSV Ag and nucleic acid, the 150 tested spleen samples gave negative results with both assays. In conclusion, the recorded results indicated the absence of antibodies, antigen, and viral nucleic acid of AHSV in all tested samples which proved that there is no circulating virus in the investigated Egyptian governorates in the period from 2017 to 2022. Evenually, the effective control programs are recommended by carrying out further epidemiological investigations to understand the current situation of arboviruses in the country.

Diarrhea is one of the most significant illnesses affecting young foals and may be manifested in more than half of foals up to 3 months of age. Numerous infectious causes have been involved but bacterial pathogens are concerned. This study aimed to assess and identify the prime Gram-negative bacteriological etiology of Arabian horse foals’ diarrhea in Egypt and to designate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated microorganisms.  Rectal swabs and internal organs were obtained from 216 foals (89 diarrheic and 127 apparently healthy), aged 1 week to 1 year old, reared in Arabian horse farms in Great Cairo, Egypt during a period extended from March 2022 to December 2022. Conventional bacteriological examination was performed using selective media persuaded by routine and advanced biochemical tests. The isolation displayed 648 bacterial isolates; 452 (68.6%) were Gram-negative with the mixed isolation representing about 28%. Escherichia coli constituted the most prevalent; 110 / 452 (24.34%); 65 in apparently healthy foals and 45 among diarrheic ones. The second was Klebsiella pneumoniae (72, 15.92%) at which 50, (15.67%) were found to expose the highest causative agent recovered from diarrheic foals. Imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were the most effective versus Gram-negative species isolated from diarrheic foals while ampicillin and tetracycline were of no effect. The phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a picture of multidrug resistance (MDR) as 111 isolates (28.71%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotics belonging to different groups. The results demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumonia was the highest MDR species (54.16%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli isolates by 43.9, 32.1 and 30.9 % respectively. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria constituted the major causative agents of diarrhea in the Arabian foals. The most effective antibacterial drugs were imipenem, quinolones, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. The issue of the existence of multidrug resistance isolates should be considered for proper therapy of foal diarrhea.

Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. Reduced egg production and quality are common, and nephritis can be caused by some strains. Attenuated live, killed, and recently recombinant vaccines are available, but different antigenic types of the avian coronavirus causing the disease do not cross-protect, complicating control efforts. Vaccination regimens against IBV often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection field challenge. In the current work, we reviewed the data outcomes of the field and experimental vaccine efficacy in view of the available literature during 2000–2021 in Egypt, as well as the geo-epidemiological distribution of the virus infection among different Egyptian provinces within the time frame of the study. Among seventeen provinces, Sharkia came in at the top of the list, with the highest IBV incidence in field-vaccinated flocks that received a single classic live vaccine. However, experimentally, the protective percentage for the same vaccine regime extremely varied from 50% to almost 100%. The introduction of variants with classics proved lower incidence in the field IBV isolates and higher protection in experimental trials, which varied according to the variant vaccine used and the strain of the challenge virus. In conclusion, the vaccination efficacy against IBV is a crucial issue, and we must keep in mind proper vaccine handling, application, and the maximal use of one classic beside one variant as a protectotype along the Egyptian farms to avoid the evolution of more variants.

High-quality animal protein, vitamins B1, B6, and B12, as well as minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron, can all be found in buffalo meat and milk. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been widely utilized for many years because of their long duration of action, low cost, and toxicity against a variety of pests. Despite being outlawed everywhere, OCPs are still being used illegally. One of the main responsibilities of the food safety and public health sectors is to guarantee the safety and wholesomeness of such food products before they are made available to the public. In order to determine the residual OCP contents in retailed buffalo meat, liver, kidney, milk, and kariesh cheese, this study was conducted. The obtained results in the current investigation revealed the detection of OCPs at 75%, 40%, 25%, 60%, and 80% in the examined buffalo raw milk, kariesh cheese, meat, kidneys, and liver. Different OCPs were detected at variable concentrations; however, such concentrations were within the established permissible limits in Egypt. In conclusion, OCPs are still in use in Egyptian agricultural activities and residual concentrations can be detected in the meat, offal, and dairies. Therefore, it is highly advised to continuously check for OCP residues in foods with both animal and plant origins. Additionally, it is strongly advised that farmers become more aware of the negative consequences of OCPs.

Equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of economic losses in horse industry all over the world especially in the Arabian countries. The aim of the study is the isolation and identification of the local equine herpesvirus-1 at northern Egypt Governorates (Cairo, Dakahlyia, Qalyubia) during 2021- 2022. A total of 50 tissue organs were collected from aborted fetuses of affected mares recently after abortion. The collected samples were screened using consensus PCR for detection of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) using specific primers targeting DNA polymerase gene which revealed that 26 out of 50 samples were positive with percentage of 52%.The molecular positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR for further molecular identification and typing of EHVs using specific primers targeting glycoprotein (gB) gene which confirmed that all amplified products were for EHV-1. Attempts for isolation of EHV-1 were performed through propagation of molecular identified samples on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line which revealed that 19 samples developed characteristic cytopathic effect in form of cell rounding and rapidly enlarging grapes like cell aggregation, and then detached of the cell, while 13 samples induced pock lesions on CAMs of SPF-ECE after inoculation for three successive passages. Serological identification of EHV-1 isolates was confirmed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) which showed that 19 samples induced intracytoplasmic greenish yellow fluorescence. Selected EHV-1 isolate was subjected for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for demonstration of virus morphology. The obtained results confirmed that EHV-1 is the major cause of abortion among Arabian mares which disrupts breeding and showcasing events. Future considerations about management strategies together with regular and effective vaccine trials are recommended for control of EHV-1.

This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological situation of avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the molecular identification of the different AIV subtypes circulating among chickens and duck farms in South Egypt. A total of 143 samples were collected from chicken and duck farms in Qena (n = 105) and Luxor (n=38) governorates during 2020. The organs and swabs were collected from diseased chickens and healthy ducks. The viruses were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and their propagation was confirmed by hemagglutination test (AHT) and molecular detection of matrix gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AIV subtypes were identified by RT-PCR and specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced partial H5, N2, and N8 genes was performed. The results revealed that 15 AIVs were subtyped to 2 H5N2, 2 H5N8, 8 H5Nx, and 2 H9N2. While an isolate could not be subtyped by used primers. The H5-based evolutionary tree of 4 isolates revealed their categorization with the 2.3.4.4b clade with close relation to H5N8 isolates from Egypt in 2021 and Kazakhstan in 2020. In conclusion, the occurrence of H5 and H9 viruses pays attention to a public health concern. Also, non-identified HxNx reveals a new AIV HA and NA subtype may be present among chickens.

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a zooanthroponotic, nosocomial, and communi¬ty-associated pathogen that threatens livestock management and even public health. The goal of this investigation was to clarify the role of S. aureus in zoonotic illnesses. Besides that, a novel trial was conducted in the current Egyptian study using oil extracts such as cactus oil, tea oil, geranium oil, and thyme oil to demonstrate the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) iso¬lates to these organic oils in response to the alarming global concern regarding the decreased sus¬ceptibility of S. aureus to known antibiotics, which exacerbates control and treatment protocols. Material and Methods: A total of 110 samples (45 raw cattle milk samples, 35 Karish cheese samples, and 30 human sputum samples) were collected. The bacterium was identified via traditional culturing methods, Gram staining, and the application of several biochemical tests. After that, various kinds of known commercial antibiotics were used to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) of the obtained isolates. Furthermore, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was performed to identify S. aureus (nuc gene) and MRSA (mecA gene), with further application of multiplex PCR for screening of all the obtained isolates for vancomycin resistance via targeting vanA, vanB, and vanC genes. Finally, the agar gel diffusion method was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of four plant extracts (cactus oil, tea oil, geranium oil, and thyme oil) against the obtained MRSA. Results: The culturing method revealed S. aureus positivity in raw cattle milk (13.33%), in Karish cheese (28.57%), and in human samples (20%). The obtained isolates showed mainly resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic and ampicillin antibiotics, while the dairy samples showed further resis¬tance against ceptaxime and an intermediate reaction against erythromycin. On the molecular side, PCR positivity was present in human samples (10%), raw cow milk (13.33%), and Karish cheese (14.29%). Nine of the fourteen PCR isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. Comparing the four oil extracts against the acquired MRSA isolates, cactus oil extract proved to be the most effective. Conclusion: The study's results are highly promising as they support the notion that certain essential oils possess strong antimicrobial properties against zoonotic S. aureus, thereby reducing the excessive use of antibiotics in veterinary and medical settings. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 306-316]