A clinical trial examining the efficacy of 2 drugs for treatment of a natural epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was performed. The study was conducted in 103 grazing Hereford calves during the summer of 1985. The calves were prospectively and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at the beginning of the study on June 17, and were examined 3 times weekly thereafter until the final observation on August 6. Calves in group 1 (n = 34) were not treated and were used as controls. Calves of group 2 (n = 34) with corneal ulcers were treated with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (OTC group). The parenteral treatment was repeated in 72 hours. Affected calves of group 3 (n = 35) were treated topically with furazolidone spray when they developed new corneal ulcers, or when existing lesions worsened during subsequent examination periods (NFZ group). Healing times of the corneal ulcers were reported in 3 ways: the combined times for ulcers present in both eyes of a calf simultaneously (method A), independent times of each ulcer on a calf (method B), and time of the first ulcer for each calf (method C). Censored healing times were examined as left censored (ulcer present at the beginning of the study), right censored (ulcer not healed at the end of the study), or uncensored (true) healing times. The effect that the treatments had on healing times were investigated by use of notched box and whisker plots, life tables, and Cox regression models. The analysis indicated that treatment of calves with either antimicrobial reduced the healing time of corneal ulcers, compared with untreated controls. Calves treated with OTC had shorter periods with ulcers present on both eyes than did NFZ-treated calves. The healing time of the first ulcer on a calf was faster when treated with either antimicrobial than when not treated, but no significant difference between periods for OTC and NFZ treatments was found. Censored healing times were consistently longer than uncensored healing times. Box and whisker plots indicated that both treatments shortened healing times more than those for controls, and OTC shortened healing times more than did NFZ for responses A and B (but not C). Life tables showed that OTC healing times were shorter than those for controls, and NFZ shorter than controls for response B and C (but not A). Cox regression model (for response A) showed a borderline significant difference between times for OTC group and controls, and no significant difference between times for NFZ group and controls.

Characteristic alterations in the serum and urine biochemical profiles of Doberman Pinschers with congestive heart failure (CHF) resulting from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were determined. We compared these alterations with those observed in 2 other models of CHF: rate overload induced by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs, and biventricular hypertrophy and dilatation induced in turkey poults by furazolidone toxicosis. Serum and urine biochemical changes in both models of CHF in dogs were mild to moderate in degree, and were moderately consistent, They could be attributed to secondary neurohumoral, hepatic, and renal effects of heart failure. The most marked and consistent changes observed were mildly decreased anion gap that developed, in part, because of decreased serum sodium concentration, moderately increased catecholamine concentrations, moderate lactaciduria, hyposthenuria, and mildly increased urea concentrations and liver enzyme activities. In birds with furazolidone cardiomyopathy, we observed mild increases in serum urate concentration, liver and muscle enzyme activities, but moderately increased sodium concentration with decreased chloride concentration. In the pacing and furazolidone models, in which CHF was rapidly induced, moderate to marked hypoproteinemia was attributable to decreases in albumin and globulin concentrations. Using the avian model we found that the hypoproteinemia could be largely attributed to blood volume expansion, and to a lesser extent, inanition. Development of hypoalbuminemia during rapid ventricular pacing and furazolidone treatment may contribute to the effects of rate overload or drug toxicity in the pathogenesis of CHF, because hypoalbuminemia may contribute to altered hemodynamics and neuroendocrine system activation. Our data indicate that clinical biochemical analysis of serum and urine may be useful for assessing progression of CHF.

Furazolidone cardiotoxicosis was induced in 2 groups (FZ and FZ-CR groups) of newly hatched male Pekin ducklings (100/group) by feeding a ration containing 650 mg of furazolidone/kg of feed (ppm) for 28 days. A third group (control ration, CR group; n = 100) was fed the same ration without furazolidone. On day 28, the control ration was initiated for the FZ-CR group initially given the furazolidone-containing ration, to allow recovery from the effects of the drug, whereas ducklings of the FZ group continued to consume the furazolidone-containing ration. Biweekly, beginning with week 4, ducklings were euthanatized to assess severity of gross lesions and to obtain sections of myocardium for histologic and ultrastructural examination. Clinical evidence (increased weight gain, increased feed consumption, decreased mortality, reduced prevalence of palpable ascites) of regression of cardiotoxicosis of ducklings of the FZ-CR group was nearly complete by day 56 (28 days after cessation of furazolidone intake). Likewise, regression of gross lesions, as measured by overall prevalence of gross lesions, left ventricular volume, and ascites prevalence and severity, were also essentially complete by day 56. Myofibrillar lysis was not seen in sections from the heart (examined ultrastructurally) obtained from ducklings of the CR group that were euthanatized on day 28, 56, or 98. Myofibrillar lysis was detected in all ducklings (4/4) fed furazolidone (FZ and FZ-CR groups) and euthanatized on day 28. Myofibrillar lysis was not seen in the heart of ducklings of the FZ-CR group that were euthanatized on day 56 or 98. Myofibrillar lysis was detected in the heart from all ducklings of the FZ group that were euthanatized on day 56. Leptomeres were observed in cardiac myocytes of ducklings that had been fed furazolidone, but not in those fed only the control ration. Our clinical, gross pathologic, and ultrastructural findings indicate that regression of the cardiac lesions of furazolidone toxicosis may be essentially complete by 28 days after cessation of furazolidone intake. Our ultrastructural findings indicate that furazolidone consumption may result in cardiac dilatation by altering myofibrillar/cytoskeletal attachments of myocytes.

The Langendorff isolated heart preparation was adapted to determine the effect of furazolidone (0.5 and 2 migrogram/ml of perfusate) on hearts of 3-week-old broiler chickens. Following 115 minutes of perfusion, both concentrations of furazolidone caused approximately a two-fold increase in myocardial vascular resistance and a six-fold increase in myocardial vascular resistance and a six-fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase release into the effluent fluid, compared with a control perfused group of isolated hearts (P less than 0.01). Ultrastructural alteration differences were not found between the drug-treated and control groups. It was concluded that: (i) furazolidone, at concentrations only moderately above therapeutic plasma concentrations, caused detrimental changes in myocardial vascular resistance and lactate dehydrogenase release and (ii) the isolated chicken heart preparation is an example of a cost-effective, reliable laboratory tool for screening potential cardiotoxins.