The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in one cutaneous nerve is called the cutaneous area (CA) for that nerve. The CA of peripheral branches of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves responsive to the stimulation of hair follicle mechanoreceptors were mapped in 27 dogs. The amount of overlap among the CA was similar to that found for other CA of the body. The CA of peripheral branches of the sciatic nerve were restricted to the lateral, cranial, and caudal aspects of the pelvic limb distal to the stifle. The CA of the saphenous nerve was located on the medial side of the limb, except for a small area located on the lateral side of the crus. The distal part of the CA of the saphenous nerve was completely overlapped in the hind paw by branches of the superficial peroneal nerve laterally and the medial plantar branch of the tibial nerve medially. The CA for the deep peroneal nerve was located on the dorsal surface of the webbing between digits 2 and 3 and the adjacent skin of these digits. The CA of the plantar branches of the tibial nerve were small in comparison with the diameter of the nerve, suggesting that these branches contained nerve fibers supplying other, deeper structures in the hindpaw and that damage to these nerves would interfere with cutaneous sensation in only a small region on the plantar surface of the hindpaw. Knowledge of the CA of the various branches of the sciatic nerve allows more accurate localization of injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches by using areas of anesthesia.

The health hazards of individual organophosphorus insecticides have been characterized by their acute toxicity, mainly by investigating their cholinesterase inhibition. However, the chronic effects of most of these toxicants on the drug-metabolizing enzymes have not been investigated. Profenofos (O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in cotton cultivation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of profenofos on male-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in adult Wistar rats. We orally administered 17.8 mg/kg body weight, twice weekly for 65 days. Profenofos downregulated levels of hepatic and testicular CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 mRNA and protein expression. Testicular aromatase (CYP19A) mRNA was decreased in the profenofos-treated rats compared to controls. Overall, the present study suggests that profenofos acts as an endocrine disruptor of male-specific CYP enzymes and affects testosterone concentration, which implicates its deleterious effects on animal or human males chronically exposed to organophosphorus pesticide.

A seleção de galos para a reprodução pelo desenvolvimento da crista vem sendo empregada rotineiramente na avicultura, sendo necessários estudos para verificar a eficiência deste método de seleção. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar as características seminais de galos selecionados para a reprodução pelo desenvolvimento da crista. Foram utilizados 65 galos matrizes da linhagem AgRoss, selecionados na 20ª semana de idade e divididos em dois grupos: grupo A, animais sem crista desenvolvida (n=33), e grupo B, animais com crista desenvolvida (n=32). Foram realizadas colheitas semanais de sêmen dos galos de 24 a 71 semanas de idade, para avaliar as características seminais. Foram realizados os testes t de Student e de Wilcoxon para comparar os grupos e análises de perfis para verificar efeitos do grupo, idade e interação grupo x idade. Os valores de volume seminal, concentração espermática, motilidade e vigor foram maiores (p < 0,01) para o grupo B no período de 24-31 semanas de idade. A percentagem de defeitos espermáticos para o grupo A foi maior nos períodos de 24-27 (p < 0,01) e de 32-35 semanas de idade (p < 0,05). O peso corporal foi maior (p < 0,05) para os animais do grupo B no período entre 24-39 semanas de idade e para os galos do grupo A no período de 60-71 semanas de idade. Foram observados efeitos da idade e interação grupo x idade para as características seminais, exceto para vigor. Em conclusão, a observação do desenvolvimento da crista na 20ª semana de idade é um método eficiente na seleção de galos para a reprodução. | The selection of cocks for reproduction by comb development has been employed usually in the aviculture; however, studies have been necessary to establish the efficiency of this method of selection. The objective of this paper was to compare the seminal characteristics in cocks selected to reproduction by comb development. Sixty-five broiler breeder males (AgRoss strain) were selected to breed at 20th week old and divided in two groups, A: birds without comb (n=33) and B: birds with comb (n=32). To evaluate seminal characteristics, semen was collected weekly between 24 to 71 weeks of age. Group means were compared by the Student's t and Wilcoxon tests while profile analysis were performed for to verify effects of group, age, and group x age. Seminal volume, sperm concentration, motility and vigor were greater (p < 0.01) for group B from 24-31 weeks of age. Percentage of sperm morphological defects was greater in group A during 24-27 (p < 0.01) and 32-35 (p < 0.05) weeks of age. Mean body weight was higher for group B between 24-39 weeks of age (p < 0.05) and for group A between 60-71 weeks of age. There were no main effects of group for seminal characteristics or body weight (p >; 0.05), but effects of age (p < 0.001) and group x age interaction were significant (p < 0.05), except for vigor (p >; 0.05). Low or no correlations were observed between seminal characteristics and body weight. In conclusion, the method to select cocks by observation of comb development at 20 weeks of age showed efficient.

Foram utilizados vinte e três cutias (D. aguti), machos, adultos, adquiridos em criatórios científicos, legalmente licenciados pelo IBAMA, da Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, Teresina, PI e da Escola Superior Agrícola de Mossoró - ESAM, Mossoró, RN, com o objetivo de descrever morfologicamente os órgãos genitais masculinos externos, abordando aspectos histológicos e macroscópicos destes órgãos. Foi realizada a dissecação dos órgãos genitais externos dos espécimes. Fragmentos foram coletados e submetidos ao processamento histológico de rotina para inclusão em parafina, os quais foram cortados e corados pelos métodos de H/E e Tricômico de Masson e observados em microscópio de luz. Os resultados mostraram que o pênis destes animais possui características do tipo fibrocavernoso, com grande quantidade de estruturas queratinizadas no seu ápice. No terço médio do pênis da cutia foi evidenciado uma flexura peniana em forma de "U" deitado; a glande do pênis encontra-se revestida por uma epiderme queratinizada contendo espículas córneas; um osso peniano substituindo o corpo cavernoso e um saco suburetral ventral, com dois longos esporões córneos no seu interior, estão presentes no pênis desses espécimes. Na região escrotal não se observa limites externos nítidos do escroto. Dorsalmente, abaixo da lâmina interna do prepúcio, próximo ao óstio prepucial, verifica-se um par de glândulas prepuciais. | Thirty-thee males adult agoutis (Dasyprocta aguti) had been used, originated from the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) - Piauí State, and from the Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró (ESAM) - Rio Grande do Norte State - Brazil. The purpose of the present investigation was describly the morfology of male genital organs and caracterized the histology aspects and their gross caracteristics. It was carry out an dissections of the extenal organs genital. The fragments were included in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Tricomy of the Masson and observed in light microscopic .The result showed that the penis is fibrocavernous with large amounts of the keratizaded structures in the their apex. In third part of the penis was evidencied an curved with form of the "U" lying. The glans was covering to keratinized epiderm with many espicules, an bone penis has been replaced the carvernous body. In the part ventral of the penis there was suburethal sac with two long projection corneus. In the Scroral region there wasn't distintict external limits with scrotum. Under of the internal layer of the prepuce, next to the preputial orifice, there was two preputial gland.