Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) or otherwise called equine piroplasmosis (EP) are the foremost economic limitations to equids production. Thus, reducing the breeding capability and athletic performance of equids globally. Identification of these haemoparasites is crucial in understanding their distribution in the population and it is imperative to discern between species and subspecies that are responsible for the occurrence of the disease conditions. Conventional procedures such as microscopic and serological evaluations do not usually meet these prerequisites. Diagnostic contrivances, such as the complement fixation test (CFT), the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been efficaciously used for many years. Furthermore, DNA-based investigations for identification, differentiation and classification of different haemoparasites have also been established. Molecular diagnostic procedures, such as DNA hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics and metabolomics, permit the uncovering of parasites in blood, tissues or ticks with optimal sensitivity, specificity and consistency. In addition, these procedures can be exploited to detect definite species and subspecies. The prerequisite of these investigations must include proper premeditation and validation, these investigations provide an effective device for molecular studies, with greater benefits of flexibility to standardization. The application of these procedures for studying TBDs or EP globally will be irreplaceable for a long period from now. Therefore, the aim of this review is to draw up the specifics of the procedures in more convenient form for practitioners and researchers. KEY WORDS: Diagnosis, equids, molecular, transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, haemoparasites, tick-borne diseases [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 84-91]

This study was undertaken to screen for some biomarkers of toxicity in the liver of Nile tilapia fish during subacute Diazinon toxicity (0.28 mgL-1 for 25 days) by using Targeted metabolomics analyses and quantitatively measure 17 amino acids, and also to monitor antioxidant status of liver (glutathione, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde). There were significant increases in branched chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine (p>0.01, p>0.05and p>0.01) respectively. There was a significant increase in phenylalanine (an aromatic amino acid) P>0.05, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde P>0.001), and significant decreases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-px) with p values (P>0.01, P>0.01, and P> 0.001) respectively. Histopathological examination showed diffuse hepatocellular necrosis with multifocal granuloma and massive hepatocellular vacuolation with congested sinusoids. It can be concluded that subacute toxicity of DZN in Nile tilapia is involved in proliferation and growth of tumor cells and negatively affects the antioxidant status of the liver.