Staphylococcus aureus is the most bacteria that have ability to form a biofilm and secret different types of enterotoxins that cause food poisoning in humans. Biofilms is a community of microorganisms encased in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharide (slime), called polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA). They have related to a diversity of chronic and persistent infections. This study aims to detect the ability of S. aureus isolated from ice cream to form biofilm by Congo red agar (CRA), microliter plate, and PCR and the ability of S. aureus to produce enterotoxins by PCR. 15 S. aureus isolates were grown on CRA and microtiter plate method then subjected for detection of icaA and icaD genes by PCR and for the presence of enterotoxins genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) which are responsible for S. aureus biofilm formation and Staphylococcus food poisoning. 73.3% of the isolates were biofilm producers on Congo red agar, 60% of the isolates were positive for biofilm production using microtiter plate method and by PCR technique, all the isolates 100% had icaD gene and 86.6% had icaA gene. The enterotoxin seb gene was detected in 5 (33.3%) S. aureus isolates, the enterotoxin see gene was detected in 4 (26.6%) S. aureus isolates while sea, seb and sed gens were not detected in any S. aureus isolates. In conclusion all aureus isolates were positive for icaD gene and some of S. aureus isolates were positive for icaA gene which are responsible for biofilm formation and some S. aureus isolates were positive for enterotoxin B and enterotoxin E, which responsible for food intoxication so the ice-cream considered a potential source for food intoxication and persistent infection caused by S. aureus.

This study was designed to detect equine piroplasmosis using the molecular technique in Al-Najaf province during the season that showed an increment in tick activities. Blood samples were collected from 110 horses with more than two signs of piroplasmosis. After DNA extraction, the product was examined by a polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18SrRNA. The results showed that the overall percentage of equine theileriosis was 38.18%. According to gender, the percentage of infection was 43.48% and 29.27% in females and males, respectively. Significant variations appeared between infected horses according to age, and the percentage of infection was 50% and 35.22% in less than 2 years and more than 2 years age, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infection was 62.5% and 19.35% in animals with and without acariasis, respectively. Significant variations were also seen in equine theileriosis according to geographical areas, and the higher percentage was reported in Hera district (60.87%), while the lowest percentage was in the center of Al-Najaf (21.43%). This difference may be due to different distribution of vector of disease (tick), which may be the availability of the suitable weather that helped in the multiplication of the intermediate vectors. In conclusion, this study proved the variations in the occurrences of equine piroplasmosis according to gender, age, and geographical areas.

The central region of Brazil is known to be an endemic area for canine ehrlichiosis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence rates of E. canis infection in dogs and in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected from the dogs and their home environments. Serum samples and genomic DNA from the blood of 20 dogs and 299 ticks were analyzed by IFA and PCR assays in order to detect Ehrlichia canis antibodies and DNA. Nine (45%) of the 20 dogs were seropositive for E. canis, with titers ranging from 80 to 10240, and 6 dogs (30%) were positive for Ehrlichia spp. by PCR. Five free-living ticks were positive (2.89%, 95% confidence interval: 0.94-6.62%), as were six ticks attached to dogs (4.76%; 95% CI: 1.77-10.0%). The two groups showed a similar infection rate (P=0.395). Partial dsb DNA sequences of two samples from ticks were identical to each other and 100% (350/350 nucleotides) were identical to E. canis. Despite the high serological and molecular rates of canine ehrlichiosis in Cuiabá, the prevalence among infected ticks was lower than that found among dogs. However, adult ticks may remain infective much longer to ensure their infestation and infection of susceptible dogs.

Prior to the 2000s, swine dysentery was considered to be caused only by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with contributing commensal intestinal anaerobes. Nowadays, it is known that the disease is caused by three strongly beta-haemolytic species of the anaerobic spirochaetal genus Brachyspira, i.e. B. hyodysenteriae and newly emerged B. hampsonii and B. suanatina.

Objective: This work investigated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in communally consumed cheeses in Egypt. Materials and Methods: This study examined 100 samples of Domiati, Tallaga, Cheddar, and Ras cheese collected from several shops and supermarkets. Samples were spread on selective media to isolate bacterial strains. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction to determine Shiga toxin 1 (stx1), Shiga toxin 2 (stx2), eaeA, and nuc genes. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to 14 antibiotics by disk diffusion assay. Results: In this study, several E. coli serotypes were identified. E. coli O26:H11, O103:H2, and O111:H2 expressed stx1/2, E. coli O114:H4 expressed stx1, E. coli O17:H18, O21:H7 and O146:H21 expressed stx2, while only E. coli O26:H11 and O111:H2 expressed eaeA. The E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while most isolates (82.4%) showed multidrug resistance (MDR). AMR to erythromycin was the highest (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (94.1%), cefotax¬ime (82.4%), vancomycin and cephalothin (64.7%), penicillin G (52.9%), sulfamethoxazole (47.1%), amikacin and kanamycin (35.3%), ampicillin (29.4%), tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (23.5%), and doxycycline (11.8%), while gentamicin showed the least resistance (5.9%). The multiple antibi¬otic resistance (MAR) index of the isolated E. coli ranged from 0.071 to 1 (mean = 0.478). All S. aureus isolates expressed the nuc gene and demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 90% of isolates were MDR. AMR to kanamycin and cephalothin was the highest (100%), fol¬lowed by penicillin (90%), doxycycline (70%), nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole (60%), erythro¬mycin (50%), tetracycline, cefotaxime, and gentamicin (40%), ciprofloxacin and ampicillin (30%), and amikacin (20%). In comparison, vancomycin showed the least resistance (10%). MAR index of isolated S. aureus ranged from 0.143 to 1 (mean = 0.529). Conclusion: The antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and S. aureus are potential risks for public health and may have a role in disseminating AMR to other pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 246-255]

Objective: This study aimed to inspect the occurrence of Haemoproteus tinnunculi (H. tinnunculi) in falcons from the central area of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 100 falcons species, including 55 Falco cherrug, 22 Falco peregrinus, 13 Falco pelegrinoides, and 10 Falco rusticolus, were collected from November 2018 to April 2019 and examined for H. tinnunculi by microscopic examination and nested PCR, targeting a cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Results: The prevalence was 1% by microscopic examination. The prevalence rate of H. tinnunculi was 1% by the microscopic method and 3% by PCR. Only F. cherrug was infected. In the sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the two cytb H. tinnunculi sequences were 100% identical and closely related to the Lithuanian isolate with 99.35% identity. Conclusions: This study presents the first report of molecular detection and characterization of H. tinnunculai in F. cherrug from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 626-632]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of Caryospora (C.) neofalconis in falcons from the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and methods: Fecal samples (n = 149) from 149 healthy falcons including 56 saker falcons (Falco cherrug), 13 lanner falcons (F. biarmicus), 18 peregrine falcons (F. peregrinus), 40 Barbary falcons (F. pelegrinoides), and 22 gyrfalcons (F. rusticolus) were collected between October 2018 and May 2019. The fecal samples were examined for the presence of C. neofalconis by microscopic examination followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction targeting 18S rRNA genes and their phylogenetic analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of C. neofalconis in the falcons was recorded as 10.7% (16/149) by microscopic examination. The highest prevalence was found in F. peregrinus (6/18, 33.3%), followed by F. rusticolus (3/22, 13.6%), F. cherrug (5/56, 8.9 %) and F. pelegrinoides (2/40, 5.0%). There was no C. neofalconis infection observed in F. biamicus. The 18S rRNA gene could be ampli¬fied in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis of two C. neofalconis isolates exhibited a close relationship with the Mexican isolate (KT03081) with a 99.7% identity. Conclusions: To our knowledge, based on the microscopic and molecular analysis, this is the first report of C. neofalconis in F. cherrug, F. rusticolus, F. pelegrinoides, and F. peregrinus from the central region of the KSA and it emphasize the value of adopting preventive measures to limit the spread of C. neofalconis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 530-536]

Objectives: The study was designed for isolation and identification of the bacteria present in unhatched leftover eggs of duck in selected mini-hatcheries of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 unhatched discarded eggs were collected as samples from different mini-hatcheries of Tarail and Itna Upazilas of Kishoreganj and aseptically carried to the laboratory in the icebox. Surface washings (n = 54) and inner contents (n = 54) were collected and enriched in LuriaBertani broth followed by the isolation of pure colonies of different bacte¬ria onto eosin methylene blue agar, mannitol salt agar, SalmonellaShigella agar, and blood agar plates. Identification of the bacterial isolates was done by cultural properties, staining, and bio¬chemical tests followed by molecular detection by Polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 108 samples, 62 were found positive for Salmonella spp. (76%), 59 for E. coli (54%), 52 for Staphylococcus spp. (48%), and 5 for Clostridium spp. (9%). From the egg surface samples, Staphylococcus spp. were recovered in the highest (67%) followed by Salmonella spp. (59%), E. coli (56%), and Clostridium spp. (9%). From the inner contents of eggs, Salmonella spp. were recovered in the highest (56%), followed by E. coli (53%) and Staphylococcus spp. (30%). Conclusion: The isolated bacteria might be associated with the decreased hatchability and embryo mortality in the mini-hatcheries of duck. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 164-169]

Objectives: This study was performed to probe the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from the cases of pericarditis in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: The samples (n = 250) collected from the cases of pericarditis in broiler chickens were bacteriologically examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion technique. The isolates were genotypically studied for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene traits. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of representative resistance gene (mexR gene) and virulence genes (toxA and lasI genes) was analyzed. Results: P. aeruginosa was isolated from 45 samples (18%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance in most of the recovered P. aeruginosa isolates, whereas colistin and imipenem were the furthermost in vitro-sensitive antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance genes, such as blaCTX, fox, and mexR, were prevalent in 100%, 80%, and 100% of the isolates, respectively. PCR confirmed virulence genes such as toxA, exoY, lasB, and lasI in 100%, 60%, 80%, and 80% of the isolates, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis of representative resistance gene (mexR gene) and virulence genes (toxA and lasI genes) revealed a high correlation between P. aeruginosa recovered from pericarditis in broiler chickens in the present study with PAO1 (reference strain) and with other sequences published on the GenBank representing different localities worldwide. Conclusion: It could be concluded that P. aeruginosa recovered from pericarditis in broiler chick¬ens in the current study is highly virulent bacteria, resisting most of the therapeutic agents which not only bear hazards for poultry industry but also represent a public health concern. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 452-463]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in milk (farm bulk milk, raw market milk) and cheese (kareish, white soft cheese) samples that were collected randomly from farms, supermarkets, small vendors and shops in different districts of Mansoura city, Egypt.Materials and methods: A total of 100 farm bulk milk, raw market milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese samples (25 of each) were screened for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. The Salmonella isolates were isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological techniques, which were further confirmed genetically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the presence of invA gene. Finally, the isolates were serotyped.Results: Salmonella could be detected in 15%(n=15/100) samples with a prevalence of 12%(n=3/25), 24%(n=6/25), 20%(n=5/25) and 4%(n=1/25) in raw market milk, raw farm bulk milk, kareish cheese and white soft cheese, respectively. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis 33.3%(n=9/27) which was the most frequent, followed by S. typhimurium 25.9%(n=7/27), S. heidelberg 14.8%(n=4/27), S. infantis 11.11%(n=3/27), S. tsevie 11.11%(n=3/27) and S. haifa 3.7%(n=1/27).Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of Salmonella in milk and cheese samples in Mansoura, Egypt, indicating that the dairy products can act as potential sources of Salmonella infection. Thus, appropriate hygienic measures are suggestive for combating Salmonellosis in Egypt. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 45-51]