Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin has become an increasingly common problem among clinical isolates from human beings. Susceptibility of isolates from horses to gentamicin and amikacin was evaluated for the period from July, 1983 to June, 1985. All isolates of Escherichia coli, and species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas examined were susceptible to amikacin, except 2 of the 46 Pseudomonas isolates. In contrast, 13 to 50% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter species isolates were highly significantly more susceptible to amikacin (P less than 0.01) than to gentamicin. Pseudomonas spp (P = 0.13) were not significantly different in susceptibility to the 2 drugs. There was significant variation among genera in their susceptibility to gentamicin (P = 0.002), primarily because of the frequency of resistance in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp, compared with the other 3 organisms (E coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp). There was no significant difference of susceptibility to amikacin among the genera studied (P = 0.06).

Objective-To evaluate the in vitro activity of an ear rinse (ER) containing tromethamine, EDTA, and benzyl alcohol on bacterial pathogens from dogs with otitis. Sample Population-Organisms were collected from ear swab specimens from the external and middle ear and included Staphylococcus spp (n = 11; Staphylococcus intermedius 7 and Staphylococcus spp 4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Proteus spp (5), beta-hemolytic streptococcus (11), and 1 control strain of each organism. Procedures-3 test solutions were evaluated including EDTA, tromethamine, and benzyl alcohol (ER); EDTA and tromethamine (ER without benzyl alcohol ER - BA); and purified water. Ten-milliliter aliquots of each test solution were transferred into 36 tubes and inoculated with one of the organisms. Samples were retrieved from each tube at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, transferred to Petri dishes, mixed with soybean-casein digest agar, and incubated. After incubation, plates were examined for growth, and the number of colonies was expressed as CFU per milliliter. Results-ER significantly decreased bacterial growth in vitro of P aeruginosa and beta-hemolytic streptococcal organisms within 15 minutes, Proteus spp within 30 minutes, and Staphylococcus spp within 60 minutes. Comparatively, the presence of benzyl alcohol in ER significantly decreased bacterial growth of beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Proteus spp. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-On the basis of results of this study, future studies should be performed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of ER alone as a treatment for otic infections caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus, P aeruginosa, and Proteus spp and of ER combined with an antimicrobial agent for otic infections caused by Staphylococcus spp.

Avian cellulitis is one of the most important field problems facing the poultry sector. Sever financial losses resulted from the condemnation of the broiler carcasses infected with cellulitis lesions. In light of this, the current study was aimed to isolation and identification of the bacterial species causing cellulitis in broiler chickens in Dakahlia and Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. The bacterial isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular detection of some virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. In addition to evaluate the antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde (TH4 ®) against the bacterial isolates. Four bacterial species were isolated; E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis with percentages of (75%), (20%), (6%) and (5%) respectively. E. coli was recorded as the most predominant isolated bacteria in this study with12 different sero- groups (O1, O2, O26, O55, O78, O91, O121, O125, O126, O128, O153 and O158). E. coli O78 and O91 were the most prevalent identified sero- groups.  The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed higher resistances against doxycycline and ampicillin (95.6%), amoxicillin (90.7%), norfloxacin (84%), oxytetracycline (79.1%) and amikacin (71.6%) in E. coli, doxycycline (73.3%), oxytetracycline (80%)            ,ampicillin(75%), streptomycin (80%), erythromycin (73.3%), and oxacillin (86.7%) in S. aureus, doxycycline (83.3%), oxytetracycline (77.8%), ampicillin (83.3%), amoxicillin (88.9%), neomycin (72.2%) and erythromycin (77.8%) in P. aeruginosa and doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin (100% for each of them) in Proteus mirabilis. All isolated bacterial species were multidrug resistance (MDR). The molecular identification showed the detection of virulence genes: iutA in E. coli, nuc in S. aureus, toxA in P.aeruginosa and rsbA in Proteus mirabilis., with percentage of (100%). blaTEM, tetA (A), qnrA, tetK, mecA, aac(6')aph (2''), ereA and aada1 resistance genes were  reported in this study. Quaternary ammonium compounds in combination glutaraldehyde (TH4 ®) with 2% concentration showed the highest antibacterial activity against the examined multidrug resistant bacterial isolates. These results suggested for application of 2% TH4 ® to achieve effective disinfectant programs in poultry farms.

Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin has become an increasingly common problem among clinical isolates from human beings. Susceptibility of isolates from horses to gentamicin and amikacin was evaluated for the period from July, 1983 to June, 1985. All isolates of Escherichia coli, and species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas examined were susceptible to amikacin, except 2 of the 46 Pseudomonas isolates. In contrast, 13 to 50% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter species isolates were highly significantly more susceptible to amikacin (P less than 0.01) than to gentamicin. Pseudomonas spp (P = 0.13) were not significantly different in susceptibility to the 2 drugs. There was significant variation among genera in their susceptibility to gentamicin (P = 0.002), primarily because of the frequency of resistance in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp, compared with the other 3 organisms (E coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp). There was no significant difference of susceptibility to amikacin among the genera studied (P = 0.06).

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacteria found in different parts of the genital system in cows and the susceptibility to different types of antibiotics. The genital systems of sixteen cows were collected from Al-Hilla, Iraq slaughterhouse. Isolation and identification of bacteria were made for each part of the genital system and antibiotic susceptibility tests was conducted to the isolated bacteria. The results of this study indicated that there were several types of bacteria present in the genital systems of cows. Different species of bacteria were isolated from the samples including, Escherichia coli (28.97)%, Klebsiella spp. (16.82)%, Salmonella spp. (14.95)%, Proteus spp. (13.08)%, Staphylococcus aureus (11.21)%, Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.41)% and Streptococcus spp. (6.54)%. In vitro susceptibility towards different types of antibiotic indicated high susceptibility of Escherichia coli to antibiotic group impenem and ciprofloxacin, while Klebsiella spp. was found to be most susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. showed resistance to piperacillin and tetracycline. It was concluded that Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacteria in genital system of cows and were most susceptible to antibiotic impenem and ciprofloxacin.