Vitamin D deficiency is one of the major affecting factors on metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. So we aimed in our study to show the anti-diabetic effects of vitamin D on type 2 diabetic rats. Therefore, 45 rats were divided into three groups (15 rats per each group). The first group served as a control and fed on a standard chow diet while the other two groups served as diabetic groups as they fed on high fructose, high fat, and high sucrose diet and for 12 weeks then they injected with intraperitoneal single dose (45 mg/kg b.wt) of STZ dissolved in cold 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. After one week of injection the third diabetic group was treated for 4 weeks with two intramuscular (20,000 IU/Kg) of vitamin D dissolved in sesame oil. The obtained results demonstrated that administration of vitamin D could improve serum glucose and insulin levels with an increase in serum calcitonin and calcium in correlation with the decrease in parathyroid hormone, phosphorus and lipids levels in the presence of significant upregulation of gene expression in liver (PPARα, GLP-1, and IGF-1) and in adipose tissue (Ptch, Smo, Gli-1, and hhip). In conclusion, vitamin D administration can improve insulin resistance by improving blood glucose and insulin levels.

The present study had been established to deliver an anatomical atlas for all veterinary anatomists where various structures of the rat brain through all views are shown clearly. On the other hand, the effect of both aging and sex were put into consideration through the current study. Thirty-four apparently healthy rats of both sexes (19 males and 15 females) were used in the study. The animals were classified into four groups according to their age. Cross sections of the brain were performed to document the cerebral dimensions including the cerebral length, width, and height in addition to the transverse diameter of the thalami and the thickness of the corpus callosum. Ageing would result in a negative impact on some brain structures. However, some others had not been affected as much. Furthermore, sex of the animal presented an important role as a variant where male rats of each age group demonstrated different results than their analogous female rats. Findings of this work might be used as a tool for studying the gross morphometric changes that occurred in the rat brains due to normal aging process in either sex.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of L-carnitine (LC) against possible deleterious effects of cefquinome sulfate (CS) on hematological, hepatorenal parameters and histopathological changes of some internal organs in male rat's model. Therefore, sixty mature male rats were equally assigned into four groups as following: The control group of rats was administered with two subcutaneous (SC) injections of physiological saline (vehicle of other drugs) (2ml/kg. b.wt once daily for 5 successive days and 2ml/kg. b.wt once daily for 56 successive days), the second group was injected subcutaneously with LC (200 mg/kg b.wt. once daily for 56 successive days), the third group was administered with SC injection with CS (50 mg/kg. b.wt once daily for 5 successive days) and the fourth group was injected subcutaneously with CS concomitantly with LC by the same doses at the same treatment periods as mentioned in 2nd and 3rd groups. The obtained results showed that administration of CS induced a significant (P≤ 0.05) increase in WBCs count and serum levels of alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine with significant (P≤ 0.05) decrease in PCV value and serum levels of albumin. Moreover, CS induced histopathological changes on liver and kidney tissues. Conversely, administration of LC concomitantly with CS ameliorates all previous hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations induced by CS. It could be concluded that CS induces mild to moderate troubles on blood picture, hepato-renal indices and histopathological findings which could be ameliorated by L-carnitine in male albino rats.