Gentamicin is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic against severe infections. In spite of inducing nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage, gentamicin is used clinically due to its wide spectrum of activities against Gram negative bacterial infections. Its nephrotoxicity occurs by selective accumulation in renal proximal convoluting tubules. Its nephrotoxicity involves renal free radical generation and reduction in antioxidant defense mechanisms. A potential therapeutic approach to protect or reverse gentamicin-induced oxidative stressand nephrotoxicity would have more importance for clinical consequences. Therefore, thepresent study was designed to investigate the possible antioxidant protective effects of oxytocin and silymarin against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. A total of 40 adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. The first group is the control group that received normal saline (1ml/kg/i.p/day for 8 consecutive days), the second group was treated withgentamicin(80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days), the third group was treated with gentamicin (80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and oxytocin (5 I.U/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and the fourth group was treated with gentamicin (80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and salymarin in a dose of (50 mg/kg orally/day for 8 days). Some biochemical and histopathological examinations of kidneys were performed after treatment for evaluation of the oxidative stress and renal nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin treatment significantly increased serum urea and creatinine levels and AST activities. Also gentamicin significantly decreased the total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity in renal tissues. Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) has a non significant increase, while renal reduced glutathione (GSH) wasn't changed. Study of renal morphology showed degenerative changes in the form of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration and glomerular necrosis in gentamicin group. Administration of oxytocin and silymarin with gentamicin ameliorated to some degree the biochemical changes and oxidative stress parameters against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. It was concluded that treatments with these antioxidants could have beneficial effects in treatment of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Acetaminophen is an analgesic antipyretic commonly used. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common obstacles to acetaminophen therapy. Eucalyptus oil is an antioxidant with potent free radical-capturing activities. This research was designed to evaluate the inhibitory impact of Eucalyptus oil versus acetaminophen-triggered hepatotoxicity. The composition of Eucalyptus was detected utilizing gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Forty-eight rats were assigned into six groups; control group, acetaminophen group (500mg/kg I.P twice on the 17th and, 20th of the experiment), silymarin group (50mg/kg, I.P once daily for three weeks), Eucalyptus oil group (30mg/kg orally once daily for three weeks), acetaminophen +silymarin group and Eucalyptus +acetaminophen group. gas chromatography mass spectroscopy discovered four compounds in Eucalyptus with eucalyptol representing the main compound. revealed that acetaminophen remarkably elevated serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, whereas it declined serum albumin and total protein levels. In addition, hepatic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance was evident in acetaminophen-intoxicated rats by the rising of lipid peroxidation biomarker; malondialdehyde and the downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its transcriptional mediators; superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione. Furthermore, following acetaminophen injection, there was a remarkable increase in transforming growth factor-β gene expression, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin1-β levels along with a decline in interleukin-10 levels. Immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were in parallel with the abovementioned results. However, all these abnormalities were significantly abrogated in rats pretreated with Eucalyptus. We conclude that prior administration of Eucalyptus oil counteracted acetaminophen-mediated hepatotoxicity via powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic impacts.

Plenty of restorative plants including phenols, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, and amides, have been assessed for therapeutic effects against several diseases especially liver diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methyl-xanthine spin-off with a variety of anti-inflammatory and protective actions in animals. PTX has been found effective for many disease conditions. PTX is an immune-modulatory agent used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases blood vessels inflammation such as cutaneous lupus in canine and navicular disease in horses. It also has hepato-protective effect, so it could be used to treat liver fibrosis and embolism in pet animals. Moreover, it could be used in the treatment of vessels ulcers through improving healing and microcirculation. This review highlighted numerous vital characteristics of PTX and its therapeutic role in various diseases in pet animals.