The present study was designed to investigate trypanosomiasis among one of native freshwater fish breed in Egypt namely catfish (Clarias gariepenus). Fifty fish were collected during summer season from the river Nile at Giza markets. The fish were examined for the presence of trypanosoma in the blood. Trypanosoma were detected in 10 (20%) of the collected fish. The main clinical signs of infected fish with trypanosoma were emaciation, dullness, respiratory distress, loss of escape reflex, mild ascitis and paleness of the gills. Post-mortem examination of infected fish revealed paleness of the internal organs (liver and kidneys) and slight congestion of spleen. Haematological examination of infected fish revealed significant decrease in erythrocytic count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume but significant increase in total leucocytic count accompanied with neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Serum biochemical analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in urea, total protein and albumin while a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, glucose and 1- globulin were recorded. Microscopic examination of organ histopathological sections revealed cloudy swelling of hepatocytes with activation of kupffer cells, depletion of lymphocytes with thickening of tile trabeculae in spleen. While in kidney, necrobiotic changes of epithelial lining of renal tubules with vacuolation of glomeruli as well as hemorrhages were recorded.

A total of 980 camels were employed in this study for evaluation of somediagnostic procedures used for diagnosis of camel trypanosomiasis. Clinicalexamination revealed that 180 (18.37%) camels showed sings of illness including, loss of body weight, anemia, abortion, decrease of animal production and edema in some parts of the body. Parasitological examination of camel’s blood smears revealed the presence of Trypanosoma evansi in 57 (5.82%) camels. ELISA detected 99 (63.06%) positive cases while suratex test identified 80 (50.96%) positive cases. Results of mice inoculation test for detection of Trypanosoma evansi among camels showed that 69 (43.95%) camels were positive. The present study clarified that suratex test was 100% sensitive for diagnosis of trypanosomiasis followed by ELISA (98.55%).

Trypanosomosis is an important disease of dromedary camels caused by the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma evansi. This study aimed to compare three different tests for its diagnosis in this species: conventional microscopy, the card agglutination test for trypanosomosis/T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi) and real-time PCR. Whole blood and serum samples collected from 77 dromedary camels of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, were analysed with the test methods stated. Statistical analysis was done using McNemar’s chi-squared test, and Cohen’s kappa index (κ) was calculated. We obtained results with positivity of 18% (14/77) by microscopy, 22% by CATT (17/77) and 60% (46/77) by real-time PCR, with the chain reaction detecting at a respectively three- and two-fold greater rate than the other techniques. Analysis of the data revealed a relative sensitivity of 30.4% and 37.0% for microscopy and CATT, respectively, compared to real-time PCR. The difference between the real-time PCR’s sensitivity and those of the other methods was statistically significant, with X² values of 30.03 and 20.1, respectively (df = 1 and P = 0.05 in both cases). Agreement of microscopy results with those of with CATT was good (κ = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.62–0.82). Cohen’s kappa index showed fair agreement of real-time PCR with microscopy (κ = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.16–0.36) whereas it was in poor agreement with CATT (κ = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02–0.15). Real-time PCR was found to be more sensitive than microscopy and CATT.

Objectives: This study was designed for the investigation of the effect of infection by Trypanosoma evansi on the changes of reproductive indices of the testis, causing reproductive failure in drom¬edary bulls (Camelus dromedarius). Material and methods: Seventy-five bulls were used for monitoring of the changes in the semen characteristics, reproductive hormones, hematobiochemical profiles, histopathological charac¬ters in the testis, and oxidative biomarkers. The animals were divided into two groups. Group A represented the uninfected or control group, while group B represented the infected group. Group B was again divided into two subgroups, such as acute and chronic infected animals. Results: Results showed that the semen analysis of infected camels revealed the presence of alterations in the morphology of sperms, especially the heads and tails, as compared to control animals. The hormonal profile indicated a significant decrease in the luteinizing hormone, folli¬cle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels, accompanied by the rise in the cortisol level in infected camels compared with the negative control. The histopathology and testicular degener¬ation were found to be associated with other disorders in infected camels. The oxidative profile and protein oxidation were promoted in infected testicles, indicating the occurrence of harmful effects in the cell. Conclusion: It is concluded that T. evansi infection in dromedary bulls causes severe damage to the testicular tissue and decreases the reproductive hormone levels associated with severe mor¬phological disorders in sperms due to oxidative stress resulting from the infection. All these find¬ings indicate that T. evansi can cause reproductive failure and fertility damage. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 537-545]

This report describes atypical chronic trypanosomosis in a three year male Spitz dog. Fever, lethargy and anorexia were the early presenting signs without any hemato-biochemical abnormality. Peripheral blood smear examination was non-diagnostic on three consecutive times. Trypanosma evansi was confirmed in the Leishman stained thin blood smears (moderate parasetemia) on fourth parasitological examination. Biochemical profile showed a remarkable elevation in total serum bilirubin (6.7 mg%) and activities of alanine amino transferase (ALT) (950 IU/L) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) (1050 IU/L) after a month. Anemia, leucopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia suggestive of bone marrow depression appeared by about 73 days of presentation of case. A rapid complete clinical recovery occurred within a week after treatment with quinapiramine sulphate and chloride combination @ 3.5mg/kg bwt. Hemoglobin, leucocyte and thrombocyte count improved within six days, however, liver enzyme activity normalized slowly over three months.

Trypanosomiasis positive cases were reported in Sahom Farm Retreatin Gopeng, Perak; with multispecies livestock animals. Nzi and Vavoua traps were applied to survey the population of biting flies; stable flies (Muscidae: Stomoxyinae) and horse flies (Tabanidae)as the vector for surra. Results indicated the presence of Trypanosomiasis infection diagnosed by buffy coat examination, thinblood stained smears and serological test (Surra Sero K-Set test) and identification of its insect vectors. The presence of bothbiting flies provides the missing link between the occurrence of the disease and host or environmental factors precipitatingthe disease. Besides trypanosomiasis in cattle, other parasitic infections were also recorded with heavy infections for liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica ova) and coccidia oocysts. Therefore, some control measures are recommended to eradicate the vectors and to treat infected animals in order to prevent the dissemination ofthe trypanosmiasis.

Trypanosomiasis has been reported in dogs from Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and South Carolina. We describe the first isolation and characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi from a Walker Hound pup in Virginia that also had postvaccinal distemper. The mother of the pup and 7 of its 8 siblings also were found to be infected with T cruzi, suggesting that the parasite had been transmitted transplacentally or through lactation. Parasitologic, serologic, histologic, and molecular methods were used to establish the diagnosis of T cruzi infection in these dogs. In a serologic survey of 12 dogs (including the sire of the pups) from the area in which the index case occurred, none were found to have antibodies to T cruzi. However, 2 of a further 52 dogs from different areas (to the index case), but in the same county, were sero-positive to T cruzi. These findings indicate that canine trypanosomiasis is present in an area of the United States not previously known to be enzootic.

Trypanosoma brucei in Peromyscus maniculatus, erythrocyte pathologic changes and phagocytosis, light and electron microscopic studies

Twenty-three clinically normal Beagles were inoculated with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from an opossum (Tc-O), an armadillo (Tc-A), or a dog (Te-D). The dogs were grouped according to the clinical outcome of inoculation. Group 1 consisted of 7 dogs inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A that died or were euthanatized during acute stages of disease. Group 2 consisted of 5 dogs inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A, that also developed acute disease, but survived to develop chronic disease. Group 3 consisted of 7 dogs inoculated with Tc-D neither developed acute nor chronic disease. Group 4 consisted of 4 dogs and served as noninoculated controls. In group 1, the gross lesions were diffusely pale myocardiums with right ventricular enlargement, hepatomegaly, and a moderate amount of modified transudate in the abdominal cavity. Severe diffuse granulomatous myocarditis with large numbers of pseudocysts and minimal fibrosis characterized the tissues from all cardiac chambers and septum. The lesions were most severe in the right atrium and ventricle. Mild multifocal myositis and pseudocysts were observed in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles of the urinary bladder and small intestine. Multifocal encephalitis and pseudocysts were in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brain stem. In group 2, the gross lesions were biventricular enlargement and thinning of the ventricular free walls. The right ventricle contained the most severe microscopic changes. There were mild multifocal interstitial lymphohistiocytic cellular infiltrates, perivasculitis, and marked fibrosis in all areas of the myocardium. Mild myositis and multifocal encephalitis were seen in the skeletal muscles and brains. Pseudocysts were not observed in any tissues. In group 3, there was mild biventricular dilatation, minimal inflammation with fibrosis in cardiac tissues, and a multifocal myositis in most skeletal muscles. Multifocal encephalitis was seen in the brain stem. Pseudocysts were not observed in any tissues. Lesions were not found in group 4. Our results indicated heterogeneity between North American T cruzi isolates in lesion development in dogs, and there appeared to be a temporal relationship between acute and chronic trypanosomiasis in Tc-O- and Tc-A-inoculated dogs and the 3 phases of Chagas disease in human beings.