A natural outbreak of Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Egypt during the summer of 2006 had been observed. In Beni Suef province, out of 70 cattle naturally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus, three fattening calves suffered from subcutaneous emphysema died and were subjected to post-mortem examination. The findings revealed severe subcutaneous emphysema, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema. The serous membranes were thick, opaque and emphysematous. Microscopically, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema was prominent in most lobes of the examined lungs accompanied with pulmonary oedema and focal leucocytic aggregations in some areas. Angiopathy was demonstrated in all cases. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes showed congestion and hemorrhages. Immunohistochemically, specific reaction for Bovine Ephemeral Fever virus was demonstrated in the lung and lymph nodes of the three cases; the pathogenesis of the disease was discussed.

Out of 63 bacteriologically examined sanguineous fluids samples which were collected from Oedematous Skin Disease (O.S.D.) lesions, 37 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (C.p.) were recovered. The sensitivity tests revealed that isolates were highly sensitive to trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, amoxycillin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Diphtheria toxin (DT) produced by C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo was determined by using the double immunodiffusion technique, it was applied on concentrated exotoxins which was prepared from C.p. isolates against Diphtheria toxin antiserum, its results were 15 (40.54%) positive and 22 (59.46) %) negative to presence of DT. Virulence of isolates having only phospholipase D ( PLD) or both PLD and DT was assayed by S/C inoculation of exotoxines prepared from isolates in guinea pigs, 15(40.54%) guinea pigs died within 18 hours while 22 (59.46%) guinea pigs died during 48 hours. An important point in this investigation that there have been very rare previous reports describing the production of DT by local isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo.

A total of one hundred meat products samples; 20 each of camel's minced meat, burger, rice kofta, frankfurter and luncheon were collected from different supermarkets at Cairo and Giza Cities. All samples were exposed to bacteriological examination and showed that the mean values of aerobic plate count, psychrophiles, coli forms, fecal coli forms, S. aureus, and B. cereus in examined camel's minced meat, burger and rice kofta were higher than luncheon and frankfurter. E. coli, Salmonellae, S. aureus and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes were isolated from examined camel's meat products by different percent. The public health significance of the isolated microorganisms as well as suggestions for improving the quality of the camel meat products were discussed.

The present study was conducting aiming to throw the light on the retinal structure on the level of both light and electron microscope. Eyeballs of 35 adult clinically healthy goats of both sexes were collected from Beni- Suef abattoir. The eyeballs were clinically examined before they were dissected and fixed in 10% buffed neutral formalin and in Bouin’s solution for 24 hours. The specimens were then processed for light and transmission electron microscope. The retina (pars optica retinae) of the goats extends rostrally to cover the ciliary body as pars ciliaris retinae and the iris as the pars iridis retinae. Pars optica retinae and pars iridis retinae form the light non sensitive parts of the retina, while the sensitive part except at the transition zone; the ora serrata and the optic disc, appeared to be formed of ten layers, named from outward to inward as, retinal pigmented epithelium, rods and cones layer (photoreceptor cell layer), external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer (cell bodies and nuclei of the photoreceptor cells), outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer (contained the horizontal, bipolar, Muller and amacrine cells), inner plexiform layer, ganglionic cell layer, nerve fiber cell layer (unmyelinated nerve fibers) and internal limiting membrane.

In a trial for comparison between the efficiency of single fowl pox (FP) vaccination and the efficiency of each combined FP and Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) vaccination and simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo and with FP and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) vaccines our conclusion was that there is no antagonistic reaction between FP virus strain and each AE, Reo and CA viruses strains. In addition, humoral immune response against AE virus strain in case of combined AE+FP vaccination is markedly potent than that in case of single AE vaccination, more over the value of average EID50 of AE virus strain in several batches of combined AE+FP vaccines is significantly higher at P > 0.05 than that in several batches of single AE vaccines. On the other hand, immune response against FP virus strain and Reo virus strain in case of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is higher than that in case of single FP vaccination and single Reo vaccination. Consequently, it is advisable to use combined live attenuated AE+FP vaccine instead of vaccination with single FP and AE separately. Also, application of simultaneous vaccination with FP and Reo vaccines is advisable as it is proved to be more beneficial than vaccination with each vaccine separately specially in case of that FP vaccine of low potency.

The present study concerned with Listeria monocytogenes which were isolated from apparently healthy buffaloes, buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage, which were collected from different localities. From the total examined samples (375), (300 samples from apparently healthy buffaloes, bedding and silage, also 75 samples from buffaloes suffered from abortion , bedding and silage) the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 11(14.7%), isolates from buffaloes suffered from abortion, bedding and silage. All isolates were motile at room temperature, also exhibited positive CAMP test and exhibited narrow zone of β-hemolysis. Serological identification of isolates revealed 6(54.5%) were serotype 4 while 5(45.5%) were untyped. There were differences in isolates susceptibilities to different anti-microbial agents. L. monocytogenes had 100% sensitivity to Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and ceftiofur sodium. Virulence of isolates was assayed by I/P inoculation of 109 CFU in mice, all inoculated mice died within 1-5 days. PCR assay for L. monocytogenes isolates revealed positive amplification of 827 bp fragment of act A gene.

This study was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulating effects of, inactivated cells of Propionibacterium acnes and cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the a pathogenic E. coli (INMUNAIR® 17.5) 0.5ml/ L and 1-3, 1-6 β-glucans (BETAPOLO®) 1 ml / L on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The results showed that administration of IMR before vaccination was resulted in food conversion rate (FCR) higher than after vaccination . Significantly higher NDV HI antibody titers in IMR and Betapolo medicated groups as compared with control groups which in turn induce high protection rate in challenge test .Thymus, spleen and bursal indices of control negative showed significantly lower values than vaccinated medicated and non- vaccinatedmedicated groups (P≤ 0.05).

The sensory quality attributes of coated and uncoated beef burger patties formulated with texture soy granules or vegetables (peas and carrots) were studied in comparison to that of the control ones. Incorporation of textured soy granules significantly reduced the color, marbling, appearance, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, taste and overall acceptability in comparison with either control or vegetable extended burger. Addition of peas and carrots to uncoated burger significantly reduced the binding scores in raw samples, as well as flavor and juiciness in cooked samples, however, no significant differences could be observed in the other sensory attributes in both raw and cooked products. Vegetable extended burger had the highest cooking loss percent (20.14), followed by control samples (17.83), while soy extended product had the lowest value (15.82%). Application of batter and breading to vegetable extended burger significantly improved the investigated sensory parameters in comparison with the uncoated samples. On the other hand, application of batter and breading to soy extended burger revealed no improvement in the sensory quality attributes in both raw and cooked samples. Addition of soy granules and vegetables significantly increased the moisture, ash and carbohydrate and reduced the fat content of raw burger patties. Moreover the incorporation of textured soy significantly increased the protein content.

Broiler breeder Lohmann chickens aged 39 weeks received 3 doses each 0.2 ml of the inactivated oil emulsion AI- H9N2 vaccine, at the 2nd, 7th and 15th weeks of age by subcutaneous injection. The individual HI values of the tested samples were homogenous as their SD values were lower. All breeder and progeny sera were positive (100- 66.7%) at weeks 40- 46 weeks of age. Correlation between parents and progeny HI antibody levels was 0.95. Progeny/Parents HI antibodies percentage were ranged from 54.9 to 65.2%. Correlation between parents and progeny ELISA and HI antibody levels were 0.91 and 0.60- 0.65; respectively. The detected HI antibody titres at the 3rd day of age were slightly increased than that of the 1st day titres followed by gradual decrease to be apparently negative at the 12th -21st day of age in comparison to the original levels. The tested groups for Antibodies to H9 by ELISA test were still detected to 21- 27 days of age of progeny. The half-life time of maternal antibodies expressed as loss of one HI log 2 between groups was ranged from 3.3- 7.2 days; with average 5.1- 5.6 days. Half life time by ELISA titre was in average of 8.9 days. Correlations between HI and ELISA ranged from 0.83-0.94. We concluded that both HI and ELISA tests are of the same value in detection of AI antibodies and first vaccination of broiler chicks with maternal antibodies against AI H9N2 must be done after the 6th day of age.

A total of 165 cows, 19 buffaloes, 192 sheep and 118 goats were examined for detection of Mycoplasma mastitis. The results revealed that 114 (69.59%) and 6 (31.57%) were clinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively while 51 (30.9%) and 13 (68.42%) were apparently healthy cows and buffaloes respectively. On examining the apparently healthy cows and buffaloes, 67 (32.84%) and 18 (34.61%) were subclinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively. Mycoplasmas were isolated in percentages of 8.9%, 5.5% from subclinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively and in percentages of 12.97%, 12.5% from clinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively. M. bovis was isolated from 8 (32%) and M. bovigenitalium from 7 (28%) and 10 (40%) unidentified Mycoplasma. Isolation of Mycoplasma from udder tissue in cows and buffaloes were in a percentage of 28.5% in cows while no Mycoplasma isolates were obtained from buffaloes' udder tissues. Application of PCR technique on these isolates and some of the negative samples was positive 100%. On the other hand, the results revealed that 82 of 192 (42.7%) and 43 of 118 (36.44) of the examined sheep and goats respectively were clinically mastitic. Isolation of Mycoplasma was from 11 (13.41%) and 17 (39.53%) of the examined sheep and goat respectively. Identification of these isolates revealed 8 (29%) M. agalactiae isolates and 20 (71%) unidentified Mycoplasma spp. Application of PCR technique on traditionally identified M. agalactiae isolates revealed negative results on using M. agalactiae specific primer while positive results were obtained for the same 8 isolates (100%) on using M. bovis specific primer.