Three dogs age between 3- 6 years old was presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology with the history of anorexia, attempt for vomiting, regurgitation, dysphagia, gagging, mild salivation after taking a piece of bone. Clinical examination revealed heart rate and respiratory were within physiological limits. Lateral plain radiograph of thorax revealed radio opaque foreign body was lodged between heart and diaphragm. Surgical invention was planned to retrieve thoracic oesophageal foreign body through gastrotomy incision. This clinical paper reports the successful surgical management of thoracic oesophageal foreign body through gastrotomy incision using long forceps without complication.

Intestinal contents were collected from eight impala at three different localities during the winter hunting season (2005–2009), as well as from another 24 animals from a one-year trial at a game farm called Ditholo (2003–2004). Gas production, protozoa counts and several other physiological parameters were measured from both rumen and caecum or colon contents. Only higher ophryoscolecid and Isotrichidae species of protozoa were counted and identified. Ostracodinium gracile was present in all 32 impala. Eudiplodinium maggii was present in 31 animals and Eudiplodinium impalae and Epidinium (either ecaudatum or caudatum) in 30 animals. Dasytricha ruminantium was present in only 11 of the impala. Concentrations of protozoa were correlated with the season of sample collection and highly correlated with the animals living on the game farm. Gas production (mL/g of wet rumen ingesta) was weakly correlated with protozoa concentration but not with the season of collection.

A total of 100 fat samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at Beni-Suef slaughter house. Animals were randomly selected from the slaughter line. The age of the slaughtered cattle was normally less than three years (18-30 months). Samples were separately packed in plastic bags, identified and stored at -18°C until analysis. The analysis was conducted at Max Rubbner Institute, Kulmbach, Germany for PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs. The average concentration sum for PCDD calculated as upper bound pg WHO-TEQ/g was 1.71 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. While theaverage concentration sum for PCDFs was 4.93 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The average concentration sum of dl PCBs including non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs was 5.091 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The total TEQ value for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was 11.74 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The residual levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the examined beef fat samples were higher than the proposed maximum permitted levels set by the European Commission (2006).

The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 gene (Nramp1), which is a member of large family of metal ion–transport protein. Nramp1 gene plays a critical role in innate immunity favoring bacterial killing by macrophages in addition to its influence on adaptive immunity. The aim of the present investigation was to identify the genetic variations in the 3’UTR (Untranslated region) of Nramp1 gene in the Malvi breed (Bos indicus) cattle, using the technique PCR-SSCP and by sequencing. PCR-SSCP (Single Strand conformational polymorphism) of 440 bp amplicon of Nramp1 gene revealed three common SSCP patterns in Malvi breed. A total of 3 SSCP patterns viz Pattern I, Pattern II and Pattern III were observed with frequency of 0.361, 0.426 and 0.213 respectively. The patterns variations were confirmed by cloning and sequencing, which showed total 6 mutations in 3 patterns.

A 7 year old cow was presented to the College of Veterinary Science clinic (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, India), with the history of growth appeared on the third eyelid of the left eye. The mass was surgically excised, and subjected to histopathological examination. Histopathological examination revealed lobules of irregular size and shape with proliferated cells, which were arranged as small tubules with or without necrotic centers. Cells were anaphylactic, large and irregular with hyperchromatic nuclei. Acini showed many layers of cells with papillary projections. Mitotic figures were also present.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection is an important viral infection affecting the cattle industry today. The prevalence of this infection in South African feedlots is unknown. Ear notch biopsies were collected from chronic poor doers and animals that appeared unthrifty upon entering feedlots, as well as animals entering the hospital pen with respiratory disease for the first time. A total of 1690 samples were collected: 1074 from the former category and 616 from the latter. A routine immunohistochemistry staining protocol showed that 49 animals tested positive, of which 43 (4%) came from the feedlot entry group and six (1%) from the hospitalised group. The prevalence of persistently infected cattle from this selected, nonrandom sample entering six large South African feedlots was found to be 2.9%, which is higher than the international rule of thumb that 0.5% of all cattle entering feedlots are persistently infected. There was no clear correlation between persistent infection and respiratory disease. Serum samples were also collected when possible and 10 positive cases were found. Results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antigen and antibody performed on these sera correlated well with those from the immunohistochemistry staining method in six cases, but in four cases the animals tested falsely positive owing to nonspecific staining. Immunohistochemistry staining on ear notch biopsies is thus a reliable diagnostic method to identify persistently infected animals with BVDV, but the pathologist should be aware of nonspecific positive staining.

Statistics uses two major approaches- conventional (or frequentist) and Bayesian approach. Bayesian approach provides a complete paradigm for both statistical inference and decision making under uncertainty. Bayesian methods solve many of the difficulties faced by conventional statistical methods, and extend the applicability of statistical methods. It exploits the use of probabilistic models to formulate scientific problems. To use Bayesian statistics, there is computational difficulty and secondly, Bayesian methods require specifying prior probability distributions. Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) methods were applied to overcome the computational difficulty, and interest in Bayesian methods was renewed. In Bayesian statistics, Bayesian structural equation model (SEM) is used. It provides a powerful and flexible approach for studying quantitative traits for wide spectrum problems and thus it has no operational difficulties, with the exception of some complex cases. In this method, the problems are solved at ease, and the statisticians feel it comfortable with the particular way of expressing the results and employing the software available to analyze a large variety of problems.

The pathogenic effect of representative local isolates of Aeromonas organisms was studied on 1٠0 native breed chickens. At 2 weeks of age, one hundred chicks were grouped into four equal groups (1-4); 25 birds each; after collection of fecal from all groups, examined and proved to be free from Aeromonas species. All groups were subcutaneously (s.c) inoculated with 0.5 ml containing 9×105 cfu /bird. Group 1 of chickens was infected by A. hydrophila; while group 2 was infected with A. caviae. The third group was infected with A. sobria; while, chicks of Group 4 were kept as non infected control. Results were showed mild clinical signs in some birds in theform of alternative diarrhea. Post mortem lesions showed general congestion of all carcasses. In severely emaciated cases the lesions were confined to the intestine, which filled with watery fluid and distended with gas. Results of Aeromonas reisolation revealed that all collected weekly fecal swabs were positive. While, percentage of A. hydrophila and A. caviae was 100% out of all testedorgans, while isolation of A. sobria was 100%, 100% and 80% from liver, intestine and heart; respectively. Histopathological examination of infected chicken organs showing focal coaggulative necrosis in liver with mononuclear cells infiltration that varied in severity between groups as less severe in A. hydrophila (Gr.1) than A. caviae (Gr. 2), while A. sobria (Gr. 3) was markedly affected showing severe degenerated and dissociated hepatocytes. Intestinal changes were severe in group 3 than 2 while group 1 showing the mildest comparatively the changes was consist of necrosed mucosa, gland with leucocytic infiltration in lamina propria. Under thecondition of our study we can conclude that the used Aeromonas isolates from field diseased chickens were of mild pathogenicity to s.c. inoculated 12 days old Fayoumi chicks with long course affection.

In an attempt to isolate reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) from field cases, plasma ofcommercial broiler chickens-suspect to have virus infection-were examined. Samples were inoculated in chicken embryo fibroblasts and after proper incubation infected cultures were assayed for REV-antigen by ELISA, immuno-peroxidase (IP) plaque assay, and PCR.Specificity of ELISA and IP was evaluated by comparing their results with that obtained by PCR. REV could be isolated and virus antigen was detected in cell cultures by all three techniques. Results showed that PCR and ELISA are more specific than IP in detection of REV-antigen. However, the sensitivity of ELISA was affected by the criterion used for determination of the cut-off point. Further studies are needed for full characterization of the isolated virus by using reference antiserum or strain specific primers for PCR.

Gentamicin is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic against severe infections. In spite of inducing nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage, gentamicin is used clinically due to its wide spectrum of activities against Gram negative bacterial infections. Its nephrotoxicity occurs by selective accumulation in renal proximal convoluting tubules. Its nephrotoxicity involves renal free radical generation and reduction in antioxidant defense mechanisms. A potential therapeutic approach to protect or reverse gentamicin-induced oxidative stressand nephrotoxicity would have more importance for clinical consequences. Therefore, thepresent study was designed to investigate the possible antioxidant protective effects of oxytocin and silymarin against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. A total of 40 adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. The first group is the control group that received normal saline (1ml/kg/i.p/day for 8 consecutive days), the second group was treated withgentamicin(80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days), the third group was treated with gentamicin (80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and oxytocin (5 I.U/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and the fourth group was treated with gentamicin (80mg/kg/i.p/day for 8 days) and salymarin in a dose of (50 mg/kg orally/day for 8 days). Some biochemical and histopathological examinations of kidneys were performed after treatment for evaluation of the oxidative stress and renal nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin treatment significantly increased serum urea and creatinine levels and AST activities. Also gentamicin significantly decreased the total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity in renal tissues. Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) has a non significant increase, while renal reduced glutathione (GSH) wasn't changed. Study of renal morphology showed degenerative changes in the form of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration and glomerular necrosis in gentamicin group. Administration of oxytocin and silymarin with gentamicin ameliorated to some degree the biochemical changes and oxidative stress parameters against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. It was concluded that treatments with these antioxidants could have beneficial effects in treatment of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.