The purpose of this study was to determinate The location, arrangement , the total number of fungiform papillae and number of those papillae in different regions of Twenty Tongues of Iraqi sheep (males) in different ages(two, four month embryo ,five month old and two year old) .Histological sections of fungiform papillae in different region from tongues were studied. Bapillae diameters and number of taste buds was assigned for each sample. The results showed that the papillae arise during embryological stage was thickened epithelium forming protrusion on the tongue surface. No significant differences was observed in the total number of the fungiform papillae in all ages. All papillae were distributed in the rostral part of the tongue, The papillae diameter showed significant increase respect to ages in all region. The taste buds were showed significant difference in number between 4 month embryo and 5 month old, while no significant between 5 month old and 2 year old. The number of taste buds for each papillae was more in cranial and caudal part compared with the middle part. The diameter of taste buds showed difference according to ages in all regions.

The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the histopathological changes and the efficacy of ethambutol of treatment mice infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thirty of white Swisrland mice is 6-8 weeks age, weighted 20-25gm were used they were randomly divided into 3 groups contain of 10 animals for each group. - The 1st group (infected animal group) were inoculate.ed with 0.1 ml of bacterial suspension contain 1x108 cfu/ml intraperitonialy. - The 2nd group (group of infected-treated animal) were also infected as the fist group but after 30 day of infection were treated with 0.1 ml of ethambutol was given orally for 1 30 days. - The 3rd group maintained as a control and were inoculated with 1 ml of sterial normal saline intraperitonealy. At 60 day post infection all animals were sacrified and samples from different organs (liver, lungs, kidncys, spleen, intestine) were isolated for that histopathological examination. The result showed sever pathological lesion such as granulomatous lesions in lungs and livers of infected animals, with depletion of white pulp of spleen and conjestion with degenerative changes seen in kidneys and intestine with infiltration of inflammatory cells. While the infected-treated animals show mild or no pathological lesion in their internal organs.

The present study revealed to the record digenetic parasites viz., Lecithocladium bulbolabrum in the small intestine of the black pomfret fishes Parastromateus niger for the first time in Iraq and the Arabian Gulf .

Proctodeal gland (foam gland) of adult male Asian quail (Coturnix coturnix) was studied microscopically. The study declared firstly the foamy appearance of the male quail proctodeal gland and assure its importance for the sexual activity and its absence from the female quail and its species specificity for only the male quail in comparison to the male turkey. The present work also try to compare functionally between male quail proctodeal gland and other accessory sex glands, such as Cowper's gland and seminal vesicle gland

Ninety chicks were experimentally, orally received different doses of estradiol-17β and diethylstilbestrol with ration. Samples were collected from tissues (wings, breast muscles, thigh muscles, skin and fat) and giblets (liver and gizzard) for detection of hormonal residues after 4 and 21 days from the last dose, which proved the presence of such residues in all samples. Effect of temperatures (boiling, roasting and freezing) on hormonal residues of positive samples was evaluated. It was proved that There is no significant variations in reduction of hormonal residues in each of breast and thigh muscles of chickens at (p < 0.05) after boiling, roasting and freezing at - 20˚ C as well as a significant differences was detected in skin and fat samples at (p < 0.05) after boiling and roasting. Public health importance of hormonal residues was discussed.

The physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of water in fish ponds were investigated with a view to optimize the conditions for fish productivity by using three private fish farms with different water supplies. Water and fish samples were collected equally from each pond over a period of 17 months. Water temp., Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and bacterial count were determined. The average values of bacterial, parasitic, survival and growth rates of fish were also assessed. Results revealed that pond water in farm (III) had the highest averages of temperature nitrite, nitrate 31.8±1.5, 8.18± 0.9, 0.41 ± 0.06 , 3.79 ± 0.6 resp., with the least content of DO 3.6 ± 0.7 followed by farm (II),which had also the highest mean values of NH3 - N, total coliform and fecal coliforms were 3.15±0.65, 59.0 & 18.5 followed by ponds of farm (III), while, the lowest averages of estimated parameters were recorded in farm (I).Correspondingly, fish samples of farm (III) showed the highest level of total bacterial, coliform, fecal coliform count and parasitic infestation; were 42.5±5.4, 29.6±3.6 , 11.3±3.1 and 31.15% respectively, followed by fish of farm(II) 29.75±3.5, 11.5±3.3, 7.4±1.1 and 10.8 % respectively, Meanwhile, fish in farm (I) showed the lowest value of both bacterial contents with no parasitic infestation which explain the highest percentages of daily weight gain & survival rates 35.2±4.4 gm. & 97.0 ±1.6 % respectively. Throughout study period compared with those in farms (III & II) respectively, resulting from poor water quality & parasitic infestation which acts as stressors affecting fish health and productivity. Therefore, fish productivity can be enhanced if the water quality in the ponds were maintained at optimum levels.

The effect of diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE) dextran on the infectivity titre of sheep pox virus (SPV) was studied with different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100 μg/ml) of DEAE-dextran on Vero cell culture. It was found that 25 and 50μg/ml were not toxic. The same concentrations were used with sheep pox virus inoculum showing that the best virus titre (106.3 TCID50/ml) reached with the use of 25μg/ml DEAE-dextran after 10 passages. The enhanced viral fluid was tested in-vivo, by vaccination of susceptible lambs and challenge of them with the virulent sheep pox virus. These lambs showed complete protection against the disease. The SP neutralizing antibody indices (NI) were estimated in the collected serum samples post vaccination and challenge; confirmed that 25μg of DEAE-dextran/ml virus-inoculum induced an increase in neutralizing antibodies in comparison with those induced by currently used sheep pox vaccine.

This study was carried out to determine the immunomodulating effect of β-glucans and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease vaccine. The results showed that birds received β-glucans and MOS having higher average body weights values and significantly higher ND HI antibody titer than the other non medicated groups. Thymus, spleen and bursal indices of control negative showed significantly lower values than vaccinated medicated and non-medicated groups. Both total and differential leukocytic and lymphocytic counts showed significantly higher in medicated group than other groups. Liver function test showed lower AST and ALT in medicated group than other groups. Results of challenge test with NDV confirmed that MOS and B glucans immunostimulant improved protection rate by 15% in medicated than non- medicated ones. In conclusion MOS and B glucans can be given to chicken to improve both body weight and protection against VV NDV challenge that predominated in Egypt.

Four groups of one-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with the four IBV variants at 1 day old to study the virulence of these isolates. The results at 2 weeks post infection (PI) revealed that all isolates were able to induce serological resposne postinfection, respiratory distress and depression. 20% and 100% mortalities were recorded with isolates 4 and 23; respectively. Assessment of pathogenicity index and pathotyping (at the end of observation period “2wk-PI”), categorized the 4 tested isoaltes (4, 16,18, 23) into three isoaltes of high virulence (4, 18 and 23), and one isolate of intermediate virulence (16). About 50% reduction in body weight was recorded with the four IBV isolates 2 wk PI. Kidney lesions were nephritis-nephrosis with urate deposition in ureters, while microscopic lesions were associated with increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Tracheal lesions recorded as increase the amount of mucin, while microscopic lesions were edema of mucosa and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The regime of administering the infectious bronchitis (IB) live commercial H120 vaccine at 1 day old SPF chicks, and the heterologous challenge with four variants (serotypes) at 4 weeks of age, was found to be poorly effective in protecting the respiratory tract of SPF chickens with protection percentages of 8.1%, 55%, 10.5% and 12.6% corresponding to field isolates of IBV 4, 16, 18 and 23; respectively. Protection was measured by assessing ciliary activity of the tracheal epithelium following challenge. It is suggested that the use of the live IB-H120 vaccine will not always broaden the protection against challenge with IB multiple serotypes isolated from Egypt. Therefore it is necessary to develop a new IB vaccines, either locally prepared or imported to overcome any new IB serotype that were emerged, through modifying vaccination strategies to make them appropriate to the field situation.

Existence of Campylobacter species that colonize broiler chickens intestinal tract raised and slaughtered in El-Minia Governorate as a source of animal protein origin for human consumption were studied. Samples were collected from 381 broiler chickens from different private farms distributed in six cities related to El-Minia Governorate and examined for the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. Percentage of Campylobacter jejuni isolation was 19.5% , 14.8% , 18.3% , 14.7% , 12.3% and 12.1% from Maggagha, Beni-Mazar, Samalout, Abou-Curcas, Mallawey and Deer-Mouase, respectively. While Campylobacter coli was 4.8% , 6.2% , 4.3% , 6.7% , 3.5 % and 0.0% respectively . Higher rate of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni 18.0% and Campylobacter coli 5.1% were obtained from 216 freshly dead broiler chickens carcasses than 165 diseased and slaughter birds which revealed 13.3% and 4.2% , respectively . Overall , Campylobacter spp. showed a higher tissue affinity for caecum (11.3%) Campylobacter jejuni and (2.6%) Campylobacter coli than for jejunum (4.2%) C. jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli and liver (1.6%) C.jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli. Susceptibilities of the recovered Campylobacter jejuni and C.coli, isolates to fifteen antibiotic discs clarified that gentamycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid in addition most of the strain were resistant to penicillin , ampicillin, tetracycline , sulfa methoxazole , trimethoprim, cephalothin and enerofloxacin . Public health hazard of enteropathogenic campylobacter was discussed and suggestive measures for reduction of campylobacter in broiler chicken farms were explained.