Metalaxyl, a benzenoid fungicide, has hazardous effects on mammalian animals. Exposure to metalaxyl causes oxidative stress as well as clear toxicity. The possible protective impact of quercetin or rosemary extract against liver damage caused by the fungicide metalaxyl in rats were evaluated. Twenty-eight male albino rats split into four equal groups. G1 (control group); Rats were received distilled water. G2 (metalaxyl): Rats were administered oral dosages of metalaxyl (130 mg/kg b.wt) 1/10 LD50 three times a week for six weeks. G3 (metalaxyl + quercetin): Rats were given 50 mg/kg b.wt/day of quercetin in addition to (130 mg/kg b.wt) of metalaxyl. G4 (metalaxyl + Rosemary extract): Rats were given (200 mg/kg b.wt/day) of Rosemary extract in addition to 130 mg/kg b.wt of metalaxyl. The findings showed that rats exposed to metalaxyl had markedly elevated levels of liver marker enzymes and clearly up-regulation of Caspase-3 gene expression. However, rats exposed to metalaxyl showed a considerable downregulation of the expression of the liver HO-1, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 genes. Conversely, Quercetin or Rosmary extract co-treatment with metalaxyl induce significant decreases in serum liver enzymes along with downregulation in caspase 3, while up-regulation of HO-1, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 gene expression in hepatocytes of treated rats. These results suggest that quercetin and rosemary extract may have a potential protective role as strong hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, mitigate oxidative stress caused by metalaxyl toxicity induced -liver damage by inhibiting caspase 3 mediated initiation of HO-1, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 genes.

The testicles and epididymal ducts of several mammals, such as camels, have been shown to have ADAM2 (fertilin) protein. But nothing is known about the existence of this protein in the camel's ductus deferens and male accessory glands. The current study employed immunohistochemical (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques to elucidate the distribution and expression of ADAM2 in the ductus deferens and male accessory glands in dromedary camels throughout the rutting season. Samples of tissue were collected from the ductus deferens. (initial, middle and ampullary parts), prostate (corpus and disseminated part) and bulbourethral gland from eight mature male camels. IHC result revealed that ADAM2 protein localized in all parts of the ductus deferens with a strong immunoreaction in the ampullary parts. A variety of immunoreactions were recognized in the different parts of the male accessory glands. qRT-PCR results showed that ADAM2 mRNA was expressed variably in all parts of the ductus deferens and male accessory glands; the ampullary part of the vas deferens displayed the highest levels of expression (P<0.05). The current study concluded that ADAM2 is found in the ductus deferens and male accessory glands with greater expression in the ampulla and prostate glands where seminal fluids are secreted. Thus, it is believed that these organs aid in the sperm's creation of this protein before ejaculation in the female camel's genital organs.

The purpose of this study was to detect AFs in milk and in the most popular cheese samples produced that were sold in New Valley governorate, Egypt. Trials were also carried out to find a simple, available way to counteract AFs in these products. Sixty samples of marketable milk and soft cheese (locally manufactured) were randomly collected from El-kharja markets, New Valley governorate, Egypt. Aflatoxin (AFs) was detected quantitatively in the samples by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. The positive results (tainted with AFs) indicated that 100% of the examined samples have level of Afs that exceed the allowable limit. Furthermore, locally manufactured soft cheese had higher AFs contamination than marketable milk. Additionally, the experimental trials to treat contaminated milk with microwave heating, Mish contaminated samples with lemon, and Kareish cheese with carbonated water revealed 9.4, 43.9, and 54.9% decline in Afs levels, respectively. It could be concluded that examined milk and milk products are frequently contaminated with AFs which exceed the allowable limits and every regimen that was employed to treat the contaminated specimen was helpful.

Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria that are members of the Leptospira genus. This illness can occur in a variety of environments, although it is more prevalent in tropical regions where humidity and wetness greatly aid in its spread. Geographically broad, leptospirosis primarily affects tropical, temperate, and subtropical regions. Bacteria can enter the body through the vaginal system, mucosa, conjunctiva, and tiny abrasions. Hazardous germs are released into the urine when the bacteria settle in the complex kidney pathways. Leptospirosis symptoms are similar to those of other diseases, making diagnosis challenging. The majority of leptospirosis patients are resolved without problems. Laboratory techniques are used to research leptospirosis in humans and animals. Humans are classified as accidental hosts because they have had direct or indirect interaction with leptospirosis-infected animals. Leptospirosis infection can occur in at-risk groups who work in contaminated environments or animal shelters, such as abattoir and sewer workers, coal mines, plumbers, salver workers, agricultural workers, veterinarians, military personnel, abattoir employees, animals, meat handlers, and fishing industry workers. Antimicrobial therapy is one way to treat leptospirosis. Among the antibiotics are doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, penicillin, and erythromycin. Reducing the incidence of leptospirosis in domestic and wild animals can help manage the disease in people. Leptospirosis in wild animals is difficult to control, but in domesticated animals, vaccinations using inactivated whole cells or outer membrane preparations can effectively manage the disease.

The South African government recognises the value of traditional healing and supports an integrated healthcare system. In the veterinary field, successful integration depends on the perceptions of different animal healthcare practitioners (AHCPs). This study aimed to determine the perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among state-employed veterinarians and animal health technicians in the North West province. A mixed model questionnaire and non-probability sampling gathered quantitative and qualitative data from 53 participants. Statistical and thematic analysis processes were applied to quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Overall, 77.4% of participants were aware of ethnoveterinary medicine practices. Approval of the use of ethnoveterinary medicine by farmers was above-average at a mean of 3.57, standard deviation (s.d.) = 1.016 on a 5-point Likert scale. However, 65.9% doubted the effectiveness of ethnoveterinary medicine, which suggests tolerance but no appreciation of its value. The Chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between district municipality of employment and awareness at χ2 = 17.490, df = 3, p = 0.001. Thematic analysis of comments showed that some participants perceived ethnoveterinary medicine as unscientific and interfering with Western veterinary medicine, while some considered it a good complement to Western veterinary medicine. The study also found that 20.8% of AHCPs use ethnoveterinary medicine to treat certain diseases. In conclusion, the lack of appreciation for ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs may hinder government-proposed integration, emphasising the need for programmes to improve perceptions among these stakeholders. Contribution: This is first such study to report on perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs, and assess their readiness for an integrated animal health system.

Various zoonotic microorganisms cause reproductive problems such as abortions and stillbirths, leading to economic losses on farms, particularly within livestock. In South Africa, bovine brucellosis is endemic in cattle, and from 2013–2018, outbreaks of Brucella melitensis occurred in sable. Coxiella burnetii, the agent responsible for the zoonotic disease known as Q-fever and/or coxiellosis, also causes reproductive problems and infects multiple domestic animal species worldwide, including humans. However, little is known of this disease in wildlife. With the expansion of the wildlife industry in South Africa, diseases like brucellosis and coxiellosis can significantly impact herd breeding success because of challenges in identifying, managing and treating diseases in wildlife populations. This study investigated samples obtained from aborted sable and roan antelope, initially suspected to be brucellosis, from game farms in South Africa using serology tests and ruminant VetMAX™ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) abortion kit. The presence of C. burnetii was confirmed with PCR in a sable abortion case, while samples from both sable and roan were seropositive for C. burnetii indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). This study represents the initial report of C. burnetii infection in sable and roan antelope in South Africa. Epidemiological investigations are crucial to assess the risk of C. burnetii in sable and roan populations, as well as wildlife and livestock in general, across South Africa. This is important in intensive farming practices, particularly as Q-fever, being a zoonotic disease, poses a particular threat to the health of veterinarians and farm workers as well as domestic animals. Contribution: A report of clinical C. burnetii infection in the wildlife industry contributes towards the limited knowledge of this zoonotic disease in South Africa.

In this study, Neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) bactericidal efficacy and inactivating capacity as a promising novel antimicrobial agent, green sanitizer and natural alternative to conventional decontamination techniques as chemical disinfectants was evaluated by using NEW with free available chlorine (FAC) at concentrations of 7.5 ppm (NEW 1%), 24 ppm (NEW 12%) and 49 ppm (NEW 25%) against food-borne related microorganisms and their biofilms. Our Results revealed that by 10 min of exposure to the sanitizer (NEW) with different concentrations, changes to the bacterial count, bacterial cell morphology, biofilms were evaluated by plate counting, minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC), Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) examination for the isolated Salmonella Typhimurium, Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and S. aureus, respectively. Beside, modulation of bacterial gene expression by real time Polymerase Chain Reaction screening (RT-PCR) for methicillin- resistant gene (mecA) and Enterotoxin gene (seb) of S. aureus. It was shown from the results that Salmonella Typhimurium highest reduction percentage achieved was 99.9% after 10 min exposure to 12% and 25% NEW concentrations, while EPEC and S. aureus highest reduction percentages achieved were 99.8%, and 99.95% after 10 min exposure to 25% NEW concentration, respectively. The lowest reduction was detected by 59.5% for S. aureus treated with NEW 1% for 5 min. While MIC for NEW 25% was 12.25 ppm for EPEC and 24.5 ppm for each of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. aureus. TEM photos revealed that NEW has achieved a broad-spectrum bactericidal activity by causing changes and destruction in cell envelope and cytoplasm of all strains. RT-PCR showed downregulation of enterotoxin (seb) and resistant genes (mecA) of S. aureus. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that NEW as a green sanitizer is significant in reduction and elimination of the most food-borne bacterial contamination.

Poxvirus infections of avian species worldwide are caused by viruses of a single genus (Avipoxvirus), they belong family Poxviridae. The turkey pox virus (TKPV) is one of the most serious illnesses and a major source of financial losses for the developing turkey industry. Even though the fowl pox virus vaccine is used to prevent the disease, TKPV still creates significant economic difficulties, therefore isolating and adapting the virus is crucial for the development of homologous vaccines that will manage the illness. In the summer of 2021, the TKPV disease spread to numerous farms inside the Giza Governorate. Ten samples of skin lesions from various farms were gathered and given labels. In accordance with Koch's postulates, the collected samples were ground, homogenized, and centrifuged to extract supernatant, which was then injected into healthy birds to confirm the disease symptoms and susceptibility. For more confirmation the virus was isolated on embryonated chicken egg (ECE) through chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route at 10 day old after 5 to 6 days of inoculation the pock lesion appeared  A fragment of the P4b gene coding for DNA polymerase core protein of TKPV was amplified by PCR then sequenced. A newly discovered isolate of field-isolated TKPV was revealed by phylogenetic analysis to have high similarity (between 96% and 100%) with the sequences that have been published. The new isolate of Turkey pox virus strain MKP 334 core protein (P4b) gene (with Accession No. MZ983434.1 in GenBank) has 100% to MG787222.1 Turkey pox virus isolate TurPVIR12 p4b gene and differ from the only isolated strain of TKPV that isolated at 2020 in Mansoura (MT219997.1 Turkey pox virus strain mans17T P4b 2020 EGYPT) but they have 99.6 identity.

It is the most comprehensive and abundant source of nutrition found in nature. Spirulina contains an assortment of nutrients that are not found in any other source. The algae is rich in prophylactic and therapeutic nutrients, including proteins, minerals, B-complex vitamins, γ-linolenic acid, and superoxidants including β-carotene and vitamin E. Additionally, it contains trace elements and several bioactive compounds that have yet to be fully investigated. Spirulina exhibits a multitude of beneficial and therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and antidiabetic effects, due to its apparent capacity to stimulate the entirety of human physiology. It seems that the consumption of Spirulina also stimulates the development of intestinal microflora. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) is more commonly referred to in Hindi and English as lauki and bottle gourd, respectively. As a vegetable, both the aerial parts and fruits of this plant are frequently ingested. In India, China, European nations, Brazil, the Hawaiian island, and other regions, it has been historically employed medicinally due to its cardiotonic, general tonic, and diuretic attributes. Oil, fruits, leaves, stem, and seeds of Lagenaria siceraria have been utilized historically to treat skin maladies, diabetes, ulcer, piles, colitis, insanity, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.  Pectoral, emetic, sedative, purgative, cooling, diuretic, and antibilious are all properties of the fruit purée. Corticosteroids are among the effective treatments for several medical conditions. On long-term administration, adverse effects including osteoporosis, cataract formation, and muscle atrophy are widely acknowledged and have significant implications for public health. There are numerous reports available that address specific adverse effects. In this review, we would like to throw the light on the medicinal uses of spirulina, and Lagenaria siceraria, and the adverse health effects of corticosteroids.