Apesar da manipulação genética de animais domésticos ser de grande interesse para a produção animal e para a indústria farmacêutica, a sua eficiência ainda é insatisfatória. A injeção pronuclear, a técnica mais utilizada para tal proposito, principalmente em camundongos, ainda apresenta limitações para esta espécie. Algumas alternativas têm sido desenvolvidas como o uso de espermatozoides como vetores para transferência genica, na qual a célula espermática tem habilidade espontânea de se ligar a molécula de DNA e internaliza-la. Dado o potencial da transferência genica mediada por espermatozoide para animais domésticos transgênicos, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação de quatro métodos de incorporação de DNA para a transferência genica mediada por espermatozoides na espécie bovina: incubação com DNA, alteração da membrana plasmática induzida por cálcio ionóforo seguida por incubação com o DNA exógeno, eletroporação e lipofecção. Espermatozoides não expostos ao DNA exógeno foram usados como grupo controle. Os índices de clivagem, blastocisto e eclosão foram avaliados, respectivamente, as 72 horas após a inseminação dos oócitos, bem como, aos 9 e 12 dias de cultivo embrionário. Os embriões positivos para o DNA exógeno foram avaliados por PCR. Nenhum efeito de tratamento foi observado nos índices de clivagem, blastocisto e eclosão. Além disso, a porcentagem de blastocistos positivos para o DNA exógeno não diferiu entre os grupos experimentais. Apesar do baixo número de embriões positivos para DNA exógeno, os resultados obtidos mostram que todos os tratamentos apresentaram eficiências similares. A conclusão obtida foi que, apesar de os índices de desenvolvimento embrionário terem sido similares e constante em todos os grupos experimentais, outros fatores como a sequência, o tamanho e a concentração do DNA exógeno devem ser avaliados para melhorar a transferência genica mediada por espermatozoides. | Although genetic manipulation of farm animals is of great interest for animal production and the pharmaceutical industry, its efficiency remains far from satisfactory. Pronuclear injection, which is the most widely used technique for such modification, mainly in mice, remains limited for this species. Some alternatives have been developed such as sperm mediated gene transfer, in which the spermatozoa are used as vectors for DNA delivery during in vitro fertilization. Mature sperm cells are able to spontaneously bind exogenous DNA molecules which may be internalized into sperm nuclei. Given the potential of sperm mediated gene transfer for livestock animals transgenesis, the aim of this study was to evaluate four methods of DNA uptake for sperm mediated gene transfer in bovine: incubation with DNA, plasma membrane alteration induced by calcium ionophore followed by incubation with DNA, electroporation and lipofection. Spermatozoa not exposed to exogenous DNA were used as control group. Cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates were recorded at 72 hours post insemination (hpi), days 9 and 12 of embryo culture, respectively. Exogenous DNA-positive embryos were evaluated by PCR. No effect of treatment was observed on cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates. In addition, percentage of DNA positive blastocysts did not differ among experimental groups. In spite of the low number of positive embryos, our results show that all treatments presented similar efficiencies for DNA delivery during in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, although the development rates were similar and constant in all groups, other factors such as exogenous DNA sequence, size and concentration should be considered to improve sperm mediated gene transfer.

Although genetic manipulation of farm animals is of great interest for animal production and the pharmaceutical industry, its efficiency remains far from satisfactory. Pronuclear injection, which is the most widely used technique for such modification, mainly in mice, remains limited for this species. Some alternatives have been developed such as sperm mediated gene transfer, in which the spermatozoa are used as vectors for DNA delivery during in vitro fertilization. Mature sperm cells are able to spontaneously bind exogenous DNA molecules which may be internalized into sperm nuclei. Given the potential of sperm mediated gene transfer for livestock animals transgenesis, the aim of this study was to evaluate four methods of DNA uptake for sperm mediated gene transfer in bovine: incubation with DNA, plasma membrane alteration induced by calcium ionophore followed by incubation with DNA, electroporation and lipofection. Spermatozoa not exposed to exogenous DNA were used as control group. Cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates were recorded at 72 hours post insemination (hpi), days 9 and 12 of embryo culture, respectively. Exogenous DNA-positive embryos were evaluated by PCR. No effect of treatment was observed on cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates. In addition, percentage of DNA positive blastocysts did not differ among experimental groups. In spite of the low number of positive embryos, our results show that all treatments presented similar efficiencies for DNA delivery during in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, although the development rates were similar and constant in all groups, other factors such as exogenous DNA sequence, size and concentration should be considered to improve sperm mediated gene transfer.

A expressão do antígeno núcleo celular proliferante (ANCP) foi avaliada no endométrio de éguas durante o estro e início do diestro. Em cada uma de dez éguas foram efetuadas biópsias do endométrio em três momentos dos respectivos ciclos reprodutivos: segundo dia do estro, dia da ovulação e sete dias após a ovulação. Nas amostras colhidas no segundo dia do estro e no dia da ovulação, a expressão do ANCP foi elevada no epitélio luminal e baixa nas glândulas endometriais (p < 0,05). Nas amostras colhidas no sétimo dia após a ovulação, a média de ANCP imunologicamente corado foi maior no epitélio glandular (p < 0,05). O estudo revelou que as células do epitélio luminal apresentaram a maior proliferação durante o estro e que as células epiteliais glandulares apresentaram a maior proliferação durante o diestro. | Immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was evaluated in the endometrium of mares during estrus and at early diestrus. Three samples were collected by endometrial biopsy from 10 mares, on estrus/ second day, in the ovulation day and seven days after the ovulation day. PCNA expression was high in luminal epithelium and low in endometrial glands on samples taken on estrus/second day and on the ovulation day (p < 0.05). For samples collected on the seventh day following ovulation, the averaged PCNA immunostaining was higher in glandular epithelium (p < 0.05). The study revealed that luminal epithelial cells exhibit higher proliferation during estrus and glandular epithelial cells exhibited higher proliferation during diestrus.

Immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was evaluated in the endometrium of mares during estrus and at early diestrus. Three samples were collected by endometrial biopsy from 10 mares, on estrus/ second day, in the ovulation day and seven days after the ovulation day. PCNA expression was high in luminal epithelium and low in endometrial glands on samples taken on estrus/second day and on the ovulation day (p < 0.05). For samples collected on the seventh day following ovulation, the averaged PCNA immunostaining was higher in glandular epithelium (p < 0.05). The study revealed that luminal epithelial cells exhibit higher proliferation during estrus and glandular epithelial cells exhibited higher proliferation during diestrus.

Foi avaliada a influencia do ciclo estral e temperatura de transporte de ovários na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos. As cadelas foram categorizadas em dois grupos baseados no estagio do ciclo estral – anestro ou diestro. Um ovário por par coletado foi transportado em solução fisiológica 0,9% a 4°C enquanto o outro foi transportado a 37°C. Então, os ovários foram seccionados em PBS para a liberação dos complexos cumulus oocito (COCs). Um total de 345 COCs (n = 186 oocitos obtidos de cadelas em anestro e 159 em diestro) foi cultivado em TCM 199 suplementado com HEPES, piruvato de sódio, cisteina, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG), estrógeno (E2) e fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF). Apos 72h de maturação, os COCs foram desnudados, fixados e corados para avaliação da maturação nuclear. O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Os oócitos obtidos de cadelas em diestro transportados a 4°C apresentaram maior frequência de oócitos no estagio de metáfase II (21,1%) que os mantidos na temperatura de 37°C (p &lt; 0,01). De forma similar, houve maior frequência de oócitos nos estágios de metáfase II (11,2%) nos ovários obtidos de cadelas em anestro e transportados a 4°C que nos ovários mantidos a 37°C (p &lt; 0,05). Concluiu-se que a temperatura de transporte influencia os resultados de viabilidade oocitária canina e a maturação in vitro, independentemente do estagio reprodutivo da fêmea. | This study evaluated the influence of estrous cycle stage and transport temperature of ovaries on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes. The bitches were categorized into two groups based on stage of estrus cycle: diestrus or anestrus. One ovary of each pair collected was transported in saline solution at 4°C while the other was transported at 37°C. Thus, ovarian tissue was sliced in PBS to release cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). A total of 345 COCs (n = 186 oocytes from ovaries of bitches in anestrus and 159 in diestrus) were cultivated in TCM 199 supplemented with HEPES, sodium pyruvate, cysteine, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen (E2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). After 72h of maturation, the COCs were denuded, fixed and stained to assess nuclear maturation. The Fisher test was applied to examine the differences between the groups. The significance level adopted was 0.05. The oocytes obtained from the ovaries from bitches in diestrus transported at 4°C shown increased frequency of oocytes in metaphase II stage than those maintained at 37°C (p &lt; 0.01). Similarly, there was increased frequency of oocytes in metaphase II (11.1%) stage from the ovaries of bitches in anestrus and transported at 4°C, than those maintained at 37°C (p &lt; 0.05). It was concluded that transport temperature influences the results of canine oocyte viability and in vitro maturation, regardless of reproductive stage of the female.

Foi avaliada a influencia do ciclo estral e temperatura de transporte de ovários na maturação in vitro de oócitos caninos. As cadelas foram categorizadas em dois grupos baseados no estagio do ciclo estral – anestro ou diestro. Um ovário por par coletado foi transportado em solução fisiológica 0,9% a 4°C enquanto o outro foi transportado a 37°C. Então, os ovários foram seccionados em PBS para a liberação dos complexos cumulus oocito (COCs). Um total de 345 COCs (n = 186 oocitos obtidos de cadelas em anestro e 159 em diestro) foi cultivado em TCM 199 suplementado com HEPES, piruvato de sódio, cisteina, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG), estrógeno (E2) e fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF). Apos 72h de maturação, os COCs foram desnudados, fixados e corados para avaliação da maturação nuclear. O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Os oócitos obtidos de cadelas em diestro transportados a 4°C apresentaram maior frequência de oócitos no estagio de metáfase II (21,1%) que os mantidos na temperatura de 37°C (p < 0,01). De forma similar, houve maior frequência de oócitos nos estágios de metáfase II (11,2%) nos ovários obtidos de cadelas em anestro e transportados a 4°C que nos ovários mantidos a 37°C (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que a temperatura de transporte influencia os resultados de viabilidade oocitária canina e a maturação in vitro, independentemente do estagio reprodutivo da fêmea.

The diagnostic value of RT-PCR and hemi-nested RT-PCR (hnRT-PCR) was compared in brain samples of dogs presenting neurological signs compatible with canine distemper. Samples of central nervous system (CNS) were collected from 68 dogs and tested by direct immunofluorescence test (RFID) and, independent of the results, they were stored at -20°C for at least three years. They were submitted to the RT-PCR and hnRT-PCR techniques aiming to determine the gene responsible for the viral nucleoprotein decoding. Fifty-nine samples were positive for RIFD, 40 for RT-PCR (Kappa = 0.358) and 54 for hnRT-PCR (Kappa = 0.740). All nine RIFD negative samples were also negative for RT-PCR and hnRT-PCR. In spite of the storage duration and proper sample conditions, the estimated accordance between hnRT-PCR and RIFD demonstrated that hnRT-PCR technique can be applied in retrospective studies. | Foi comparado o valor diagnóstico das técnicas de RT-PCR e heminested RT-PCR (hnRT-PCR) em amostras de cérebro de cães com sintomatologia nervosa compatível com cinomose. Fragmentos do sistema nervoso central (SNC) colhidos de 68 animais foram testados pela Imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e, independentemente do resultado, foram armazenados a -20°C por pelo menos três anos. Após esse período, foram submetidos a RT-PCR e a hnRT-PCR com oligonucleotídeos iniciadores direcionados ao gene codificador da nucleoproteína N. As proporções de resultados positivos/examinados foram: 59/68 para a IFD, 40/68 para a RT-PCR (Kappa = 0,358) e 54/68 quando associada à heminested PCR (Kappa = 0,740). Houve nove resultados negativos nas três técnicas empregadas. Os resultados do coeficiente Kappa entre a IFD e hnRT-PCR demonstram que apesar das condições de armazenamento, a hnRT-PCR pode ser utilizada em estudos retrospectivos.

The diagnostic value of RT-PCR and hemi-nested RT-PCR (hnRT-PCR) was compared in brain samples of dogs presenting neurological signs compatible with canine distemper. Samples of central nervous system (CNS) were collected from 68 dogs and tested by direct immunofluorescence test (RFID) and, independent of the results, they were stored at -20°C for at least three years. They were submitted to the RT-PCR and hnRT-PCR techniques aiming to determine the gene responsible for the viral nucleoprotein decoding. Fifty-nine samples were positive for RIFD, 40 for RT-PCR (Kappa = 0.358) and 54 for hnRT-PCR (Kappa = 0.740). All nine RIFD negative samples were also negative for RT-PCR and hnRT-PCR. In spite of the storage duration and proper sample conditions, the estimated accordance between hnRT-PCR and RIFD demonstrated that hnRT-PCR technique can be applied in retrospective studies.

Foi avaliada a frequência de infestação por larvas de Dermatobia hominis em bovinos leiteiros, investigando-se a existência de correlação entre a incidência do berne e os fatores climáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa e precipitação pluviométrica) com a sua distribuição na superfície corporal dos animais. Foram selecionadas duas áreas localizadas na região Sudeste do Brasil: Área 1: clima subtropical/tropical de altitude (Cwa); Área 2: clima tropical (Aw). As observações foram realizadas no período de maio a dezembro de 2013. Em cada propriedade foram examinados dez animais em coletas de campo quinzenais para o levantamento do número de nódulos de berne. Foram registrados nódulos durante todos os meses de coleta. A Área 1 apresentou média de 12,94 bernes/mês, e a Área 2, 7,58 bernes/mês. Na Área 2, não foi constatada a existência de correlação entre o número de bernes e as variáveis climáticas (p &gt; 0,05). Na Área 1, houve correlação entre o número médio de bernes com a temperatura (p = 0,011) e a precipitação (p = 0,034). Esses fatores climáticos, relacionados às características edáficas, influenciam a penetração das larvas L3 e o período pupal. O maior número de nódulos foi encontrado na região anterior inferior, seguida pela região anterior superior do corpo dos animais, regiões nobres que compõe a parte industrializável da pele do animal e que representam a maior causa de prejuízo econômico. | Dermatobia hominis infestation in dairy cattle was investigated, searching for the existence of correlations between the incidence of botfly and climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) and its distribution on the animal body surface. Two geographical areas located in the southeast region of Brazil were selected. Area 1- tropical and sub-tropical climate of altitude (Cwa); Area-2 tropical climate (Aw). During the period from May to December 2013, 10 animals were selected in each area and biweekly field collections were carried out for quantification of the average number of larvae in the herd. Larval nodes were registered during every month of the survey. Area 1 had an average of 12.94 larvae/month and Area 2 an average of -7.58 larvae/month. No correlation between the number of larvae and the climatic variables (p &gt; 0.05) was found in Area 2. A positive correlation between the average number of larvae and the temperature (p = 0.011) and precipitation (p = 0.034) was found in Area 1. These climatic factors are related to soil characteristics, influencing the penetration of L3 larvae and the pupal period. The greatest number of nodules was found in the anterior inferior region, followed by the anterior superior region of the animal body. The infestation in these regions deserves a special emphasis because these are the regions comprising the part of the animals’ hides which can be industrialized, and thus represent the largest cause of economic losses.

Foi avaliada a frequência de infestação por larvas de Dermatobia hominis em bovinos leiteiros, investigando-se a existência de correlação entre a incidência do berne e os fatores climáticos (temperatura, umidade relativa e precipitação pluviométrica) com a sua distribuição na superfície corporal dos animais. Foram selecionadas duas áreas localizadas na região Sudeste do Brasil: Área 1: clima subtropical/tropical de altitude (Cwa); Área 2: clima tropical (Aw). As observações foram realizadas no período de maio a dezembro de 2013. Em cada propriedade foram examinados dez animais em coletas de campo quinzenais para o levantamento do número de nódulos de berne. Foram registrados nódulos durante todos os meses de coleta. A Área 1 apresentou média de 12,94 bernes/mês, e a Área 2, 7,58 bernes/mês. Na Área 2, não foi constatada a existência de correlação entre o número de bernes e as variáveis climáticas (p > 0,05). Na Área 1, houve correlação entre o número médio de bernes com a temperatura (p = 0,011) e a precipitação (p = 0,034). Esses fatores climáticos, relacionados às características edáficas, influenciam a penetração das larvas L3 e o período pupal. O maior número de nódulos foi encontrado na região anterior inferior, seguida pela região anterior superior do corpo dos animais, regiões nobres que compõe a parte industrializável da pele do animal e que representam a maior causa de prejuízo econômico.

As diferenças moleculares entre as estirpes de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae presentes em pulmões de suínos com pneumonia tem sido estudadas. Porém, estudos comparativos relativos as estirpes presentes nos suínos aparentemente saudáveis não foram levados a cabo. O objetivo do estudo foi a detecção, quantificação e analise molecular de M. hyopneumoniae nos pulmões suínos com e sem lesões pneumônicas. Para a detecção de M. hyopneumoniae usaramse o PCR Multiplo (YAMAGUTI, 2008), o PCR a Tempo Real (STRAIT et al., 2008) e a amplificação de múltiplo VNTR (VRANCKX et al., 2011). A caracterização molecular das estirpes foi realizada mediante a análise do número de copias de VNTR em P97R1, P146R3, H2R1 e H4. O M. hyopneumoniae foi detectado em amostras de suínos saudáveis e pneumônicos e a quantidade de M. hyopneumoniae nas amostras positivas variou com o tipo de ensaio. O maior número de amostras positivas foi identificado pela amplificação de múltiplas VNTR combinado com a eletroforese de capilares. Usando o PCR a Tempo Real, 4.9*104 copias de genoma/mL de M. hyopneumoniae foram detectadas em pulmões aparentemente saudáveis. Uma quantidade média de 3.9*106 copias de genoma/mL de M. hyopneumoniae foi detectada em pulmões pneumônicos. A análise do número de copias de VNTR demonstrou uma elevada variabilidade. | Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of the Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia. However, this mycoplasma can be detected in healthy and symptomatic pigs, that difficults the conclusion for the etiology of this disease. In the present study we aimed to detect, quantify and do molecular analyses of M. hyopneumoniae strains in respiratory clinical samples recovered from healthy pigs and from those with pneumonia or other respiratory symptoms. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of PCR assays directed to Mollicutes detection and porcine mycoplasmas identification in clinical samples were evaluated. The identification of M. hyopneumoniae in the samples was performed using different molecular approaches, Multiplex PCR, Real Time PCR and Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat amplification. Molecular characterization of the strains was achieved by determining and comparing the VNTR copy number directly in the samples. The highest number of samples positive to M. hyopneumoniae was identified by the multilocus VNTR amplification assay using labeled primers, followed by capillary electrophoresis. The highest concentration of M. hyopneumoniae was detected in pneumonic lungs (2, 3 * 108 genome copies /mL). The VNTR copy number analysis demonstrated that despite the high genetic variability of the M. hyopneumoniae strains, predominant strains in the swine farms could be identified by means of the VNTR copy number analysis of P97R1 and P146R3. (English) | Molecular differences among Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains present in pneumonic lungs of swine have been largely studied. However, no comparative studies concerning the strains present in apparently healthy pigs have been carried out. This study aimed to detect, quantify and perform molecular analysis of M. hyopneumoniae strains in pig lungs with and without pneumonic lesions. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae was performed using multiplex PCR (YAMAGUTI, 2008), real-time PCR (STRAIT et al., 2008) and multiple VNTR amplification (VRANCKX et al., 2011). Molecular characterization of the strains was achieved by analysis of the VNTR copy number in P97R1, P146R3, H2R1 and H4. M. hyopneumoniae was detected in samples from healthy and pneumonic pigs and the amount of M. hyopneumoniae positive samples detected varied with the type of assay. The greater number of positive samples was identified by the multiple VNTR amplification combined with capillary electrophoresis. Using real-time PCR, 4.9*104 M. hyopneumoniae genome copies/mL was detected in apparently healthy lungs. A mean quantity of 3.9*106 M. hyopneumoniae genome copies/mL was detected in pneumonic lungs. The analysis of VNTR copy number demonstrated a high genetic variability of the M. hyopneumoniae strains present in apparently healthy and pneumonic lungs. Strains having 3 VNTR copy number in P97R1, were detected only in pneumonic lungs and strains having 40 and 43 VNTR copy number in P146R3 were detected only in apparently healthy lungs. Despite the genetic variability of M. hyopneumoniae, predominant strains in the swine farms could be identified.

Molecular differences among Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains present in pneumonic lungs of swine have been largely studied. However, no comparative studies concerning the strains present in apparently healthy pigs have been carried out. This study aimed to detect, quantify and perform molecular analysis of M. hyopneumoniae strains in pig lungs with and without pneumonic lesions. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae was performed using multiplex PCR (YAMAGUTI, 2008), real-time PCR (STRAIT et al., 2008) and multiple VNTR amplification (VRANCKX et al., 2011). Molecular characterization of the strains was achieved by analysis of the VNTR copy number in P97R1, P146R3, H2R1 and H4. M. hyopneumoniae was detected in samples from healthy and pneumonic pigs and the amount of M. hyopneumoniae positive samples detected varied with the type of assay. The greater number of positive samples was identified by the multiple VNTR amplification combined with capillary electrophoresis. Using real-time PCR, 4.9*104 M. hyopneumoniae genome copies/mL was detected in apparently healthy lungs. A mean quantity of 3.9*106 M. hyopneumoniae genome copies/mL was detected in pneumonic lungs. The analysis of VNTR copy number demonstrated a high genetic variability of the M. hyopneumoniae strains present in apparently healthy and pneumonic lungs. Strains having 3 VNTR copy number in P97R1, were detected only in pneumonic lungs and strains having 40 and 43 VNTR copy number in P146R3 were detected only in apparently healthy lungs. Despite the genetic variability of M. hyopneumoniae, predominant strains in the swine farms could be identified.

The present study was conducted to estimate crossbreeding parameters for growth traits of growing rabbits in a complete 3 × 3 diallel crossing experiment involving three breeds namely New Zealand White (NN), Californian (CC) and Rex (RR). Highly significant differences (p?0.001) were observed among different genotypes for almost traits studied with the exception of relative growth rates (RGR) at 4-12 weeks of age. Direct genetic effects of NN were found as positive for most of studied traits. Positive total maternal genetic effect was estimated for kits of NN dose for weight at weaning (57 g) and 12 weeks of age (92 g). Strong individual heterosis was estimated for NN × CC crossbreds for all body weight (BW) and most of body weight gains (BWG). In conclusion, direct additive genetic effects were infavor NN for growth traits and maternal genetic effects were infavor NN for weaning and final weights and higher individual heterosis has been estimated for NN × CC crossbred rabbits for growth traits. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b60

The present study was conducted to estimate crossbreeding parameters for growth traits of growing rabbits in a complete 3 × 3 diallel crossing experiment involving three breeds namely New Zealand White (NN), Californian (CC) and Rex (RR). Highly significant differences (p≤0.001) were observed among different genotypes for almost traits studied with the exception of relative growth rates (RGR) at 4-12 weeks of age. Direct genetic effects of NN were found as positive for most of studied traits. Positive total maternal genetic effect was estimated for kits of NN dose for weight at weaning (57 g) and 12 weeks of age (92 g). Strong individual heterosis was estimated for NN × CC crossbreds for all body weight (BW) and most of body weight gains (BWG). In conclusion, direct additive genetic effects were infavor NN for growth traits and maternal genetic effects were infavor NN for weaning and final weights and higher individual heterosis has been estimated for NN × CC crossbred rabbits for growth traits.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding processed kidney bean meal (PKBM) by replacing soybean meal (SBM) on fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality and chick quality of white leghorn (WL) hens. A total of 225 white leghorn hens (195 layers and 30 cocks) with uniform body weight (BW) and age were randomly distributed into 15 pens and assigned to five treatments (i.e., T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). A total of 360 eggs collected from all the treatment birds were used for the analysis. The feeds of the treatments were SBM substituted by PKBM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Replacement of SBM with PKBM in the diet did not affect the fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, chick weight, and chick quality by visual score. As no difference is observed, 100% replacement of SBM by PKBM (dosed at 100 g/kg concentrate diet) is possible. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b66

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding processed kidney bean meal (PKBM) by replacing soybean meal (SBM) on fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality and chick quality of white leghorn (WL) hens. A total of 225 white leghorn hens (195 layers and 30 cocks) with uniform body weight (BW) and age were randomly distributed into 15 pens and assigned to five treatments (i.e., T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). A total of 360 eggs collected from all the treatment birds were used for the analysis. The feeds of the treatments were SBM substituted by PKBM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. Replacement of SBM with PKBM in the diet did not affect the fertility, hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, chick weight, and chick quality by visual score. As no difference is observed, 100% replacement of SBM by PKBM (dosed at 100 g/kg concentrate diet) is possible.

The present study was undertaken to mitigate Salmonella from betel leaf in Mymensingh. A total of 35 betel leaf samples were collected from 2 baroujes and 5 local markets in Mymensingh. The samples were sub-divided into two groups: (i) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) washed, and (ii) grinded sample. There was control and treated (with 1.5% vinegar, sorbitol, and sodium benzoate) sub-groups in both groups. Mitigation of Salmonella was determined by comparing Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Salmonella Count (TSAC) of control with treated groups. No bacterial growth was observed in the betel leaf samples collected directly from barouj level. At market level, when grinded, there was no growth of bacteria in Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Salmonella- Shigella (SS) or Xylose Lysine De-oxy-chocolate (XLD) in both treated and untreated groups. But when the PBS washed samples were used, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) of betel leaf ranged from 5.16±0.82 to 5.96±1.11, whereas the TSAC value ranged from 4.87±0.58 to 5.56±1.00 for untreated group. In vinegar, there was no growth, but when treated with sorbitol, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.00±0.54 to 5.66±1.09, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.28±0.71 to 4.78±0.64. When treated with sodium benzoate, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.06±0.53 to 5.75±1.02, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.34±0.79 to 4.92±0.64. Data of this study indicates that all the three chemicals were effective in terms of reducing bacterial load but vinegar (1.5%) was found to be the most effective against Salmonella as well as some other bacteria when treated for 10 min. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b83

The present study was undertaken to mitigate Salmonella from betel leaf in Mymensingh. A total of 35 betel leaf samples were collected from 2 baroujes and 5 local markets in Mymensingh. The samples were sub-divided into two groups: (i) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) washed, and (ii) grinded sample. There was control and treated (with 1.5% vinegar, sorbitol, and sodium benzoate) sub-groups in both groups. Mitigation of Salmonella was determined by comparing Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Salmonella Count (TSAC) of control with treated groups. No bacterial growth was observed in the betel leaf samples collected directly from barouj level. At market level, when grinded, there was no growth of bacteria in Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Salmonella- Shigella (SS) or Xylose Lysine De-oxy-chocolate (XLD) in both treated and untreated groups. But when the PBS washed samples were used, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) of betel leaf ranged from 5.16±0.82 to 5.96±1.11, whereas the TSAC value ranged from 4.87±0.58 to 5.56±1.00 for untreated group. In vinegar, there was no growth, but when treated with sorbitol, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.00±0.54 to 5.66±1.09, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.28±0.71 to 4.78±0.64. When treated with sodium benzoate, the TVC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 5.06±0.53 to 5.75±1.02, and TSAC (mean log CFU±SD/mL) value reduced to 4.34±0.79 to 4.92±0.64. Data of this study indicates that all the three chemicals were effective in terms of reducing bacterial load but vinegar (1.5%) was found to be the most effective against Salmonella as well as some other bacteria when treated for 10 min.