Objective: Lighting requirements of birds have to be considered for choosing the optimal light intensity. Therefore, the experiment was carried out to study the effects of the different light intensities on performance, welfare and behavior of turkey poults. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 turkey poults aging 3 weeks were randomly selected and divided into three equal groups. The birds were subjected for 3 different light intensities (5, 25 and 50 lux) with 12 h photoperiod in 3 separate rooms. The growth performance parameters of the poults were measured; the parameters were body weight (BW), average feed intake (FI), average body weight gain (ABWG), relative growth rate (RGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Besides, blood parameters and behavioral characters were observed. Results: Our results revealed that poults reared in low intensity (5 lux) had better performance (body weight gain, relative growth rate and feed intake). Also, final body weight was significantly higher in 5 lux. The cortisol level was lower in 5 lux than other 25 and 50 lux. Behavior of poults is affected by light intensities in our study, where feather preening, feather pecking and aggressive behaviors were significantly higher in birds housed in the highest intensity (50 lux). In the same way, drinking time was significantly higher in 25 lux. The poults tended to lay and rest on perches more under the lowest intensity (5 lux). Conclusion: It was concluded that, it is better to use moderate light intensity to improve previous parameters with avoiding abnormal behavior.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c126

Objectives: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from raw milk samples of cattle and buffalo, and to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and methods: A total of 34 milk samples were collected twice from 17 different healthy cattle (n=14) and buffaloes (n=3) at one-month interval, and analyzed in laboratory by staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics followed by polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc gene of S. aureus and 16 S rRNA of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the disc diffusion method.  Results: Confirmation of the isolates as S. aureus and E. coli were carried out by PCR using nuc gene, 16S rRNA gene specific primers specific for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. A total of 12 samples (35.29%; 11 from cattle, 1 from buffalo) were found to be positive for S. aureus; 5 and 7 during first and second month, respectively. The E. coli were found in three samples (2 from cattle, 1 from buffaloe); one in first month and two in the second month. The antibiotic sensitivity test using 4 commonly used antibiotics indicated that the most of the isolates were resistant to Gatifloxacin and one isolate showed intermediate resistance to Ofloxacin while sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin.Conclusion: Two different species of bacteria i.e., S. aureus and E. coli are contaminating with milk samples. The pathogenic bacteria can be controlled effectively by using Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin in the case of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c133

Objective: This study was constructed to build up the normal dimensions of the digestive tract of domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).Materials and methods: Five rabbits of both sexes were used in this study. After dissection of the rabbits, the exact positions of different parts of the digestive tract (i.e., esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) were measured using Metric rule, thread, electronic and normal balance.Results: The mean lengths of the small intestine and large intestine were 169.53±21.65 and 132.3±17.42 cm, respectively, and weight of the whole digestive tract was 263.60±56.80 gm. The mean lengths and mean diameter of esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum were 9.62±1.64, 41.26±4.06, 106.60±14.64, 21.64±46.32, 41.14±2.82, 83.16±13.74 and 8.0±1.08 cm and 1.16±0.12, 1.71±0.11, 1.70±0.09, 1.73±0.05, 5.47±0.15, 3.36±0.16 and 2.81±0.24 cm, respectively.Conclusion: These results can be considered as a baseline study that may assist in disease diagnosis and clinical works with rabbits.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c144

Objective: An attempt was undertaken for the detection and characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum from clinically sick broiler chickens during field outbreaks.Materials and methods: Nasal and ocular discharges (n=6), tracheal swab (n=6), tracheal washing (n=4) and infraorbital sinus exudates (n=4) were collected aseptically from broiler chickens (n=10). To isolate A. paragallinarum, the clinical samples were cultured onto blood agar and chocolate agar enriched with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and feeder organism (Staphylococcus aureus). Identification of A. paragallinarum was performed by Gram staining reaction, sugar fermentation profiles using five basic sugars (Dextrose, Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose and Mannitol) and biochemical tests (Indole, Voges Proskauer and Methyl red tests). Antibiogram of the bacterial isolates of infected chicken was performed against five antibiotics namely Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Ampicillin and Cefalexin using disk diffusion method.Results: Results of colonial morphology, Gram staining reaction, sugar fermentation and biochemical tests confirmed one isolate as A. paragallinarum. The overall prevalence of IC in broiler chicken was 10% (1 of 10). This isolate was found to be sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Azithroycin and Gentamicin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cefalexin.Conclusion: This is the first report of detection of A. paragallinarum from broiler chicken in Bangladesh.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c149

Objective: This study was aimed at elucidating the association between Para influenza virus 3 (PIV3) and respiratory infections in domestic ruminants in different areas of Sudan.Materials and methods: During 2010-2013, five hundred sixty five lung samples with signs of pneumonia were collected from cattle (n=226), sheep (n=316) and goats (n=23) from slaughter houses in different areas in Sudan. The existence of PIV3 antigen was screened in the collected samples using ELISA and Fluorescent antibody technique. PIV3 genome was detected by PCR, and sequence analysis was conducted.Results: Positive results were found in 29 (12.8%) cattle, 31 (9.8%) sheep and 11 (47.8%) goat samples. All the studied areas showed positive results. Highest prevalence (66.7%) was detected in the sheep and goats in Khartoum, followed by in goats in Nyala (33.3%) at western Sudan. Sequence analyses of PIV3 of different regions of Sudan indicated that these were similar in sequence and length. The BLAST analysis indicated that the test sequences were closely related to the available annotated sequences at the GenBank. All these sequences matched with Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 except two those were matching with Swine parainfluenza virus 3.Conclusion: The results prove the existence of PIV3 infection in cattle, sheep and goats in the studied areas in Sudan and suggest its possible role in the respiratory infections. Genetic analysis indicate that the virus is mostly similar with bovine PIV3.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c160

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the some hematological values and ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratio of Jaydara sheep in Kyrgyzstan. The availability of information on hematological and biochemical parameters is essential to research conducted with an aim to increase yields in animal production. Materials and methods: The investigation was carried out on 60 healthy sheep aged between 2-3 years old. Leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), differential leucocyte ratios and ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratios were investigated in blood samples using an automated cell counter machine. Results: The leucocyte count in Jaydara sheep was found to 4.92±0.59 x 103/mm3. Similarly, erythrocyte count was 11.73±0.65 x 103/mm3. On the other hand, hemoglobin content in blood was 11.70±0.51 gm/dL. The hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values were 30.02±1.70 %, 25.64±1.28 µ3, 10.68±0.59 pg and 41.76±2.31% respectively. The differential leucocyte counts in Jaydara sheep were 42.53±1.13 (Neutrophil), 52.61±1.08 (Lymphocyte), 2.75±0.55 (Monocyte), 1.58±0.17 (Eosinophil), and 0.52±0.52 (Basophil). The ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratios in Jaydara sheep was found to be 65.00±2.55. Conclusion: The hematological parameters in healthy Jaydara sheep can be used as reference values for this particular sheep breed in future.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c124

Objectives:  The  objectives  of  this  study  were  to  isolate  and  identify  Pasteurella multocida  from  fowl  cholera  (FC)  suspected  chicken,  and  to  prepare  and  efficacy determination of formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine using the isolated  P. multocida strain.  Materials and methods: A total of five suspected dead chickens were collected from Brothers  Poultry  Farm  located  at  Gazipur  district,  Bangladesh.  The  samples  were processed  and  the  P.  multocida  was  isolated  through  conventional  bacteriological techniques,  were  finally  confirmed  by  polymerase  chain  reaction  using  P.  multocida specific  primers  targeting  cap  gene.  The  P.  multocida  isolate  was  used  to  develop  a formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine. The efficacy of the newly prepared vaccine was determined in Starcross-579 chickens (n=30) aging 15 weeks either by injecting 1 mL (group-A;  n=10)  or  0.5  mL  (group-B;  n=10)  vaccine  containing  approximately 3.2x10 8  CFU/mL P. multocida organism; 10 birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The sera from the vaccinated and control birds were collected and were subjected for antibody titre determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally the vaccinated birds were challenged using virulent strains of P. multocida to confer the protection against FC.  Results:  P.  multocida could be  isolated  from  both the  samples.  The  formalin  killed vaccine prepared from the isolated bacteria was subjected for the determination of antibody titre in chicken, and found that the antibody titres in the birds of group A and group B were 4.513 and 4.07 respectively after primary vaccination, and 4.893 and  4.37  respectively  after  booster  vaccination.  Most  of  the  vaccinated  birds  were found to be survived after challenging with virulent strain of P. multocida.  Conclusion: It is concluded that the causal agent of FC (P. multocida) was successfully isolated from FC affected dead chickens. The prepared formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine  induces  protective  immune response  and  conferred  protection  against challenge infection caused by the virulent strain of P. multocida.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c130

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional status of high yielding dairy cattle around parturition.Materials and methods:  Nutritional status of cows around the peri-parturient period was investigated for six months in dairy farm. Seven to eight months’ pregnant cows were selected for this study. Blood samples from 24 randomly selected cows were collected at stage-1, -2 and -3. The serum was stored at -20ºC until analyzing glucose, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). Results: An increasing trend of glucose level was evidenced (P=0.07) during stage-1.  Instead, higher levels of TP were found during stage-3 as compared to the stage-1 and -2. The Alb levels differed significantly (P<0.01) among different stages. A significantly increased (P<0.01) cholesterol, Tg, and HDL were found after parturition (stage-2 and -3) than before parturition (stage-1). LDL was significantly (P=0.02) increased during stage-2 and -3. A significantly higher level of Ca (P<0.01), Mg (P<0.01) and P (P=0.03) were present during stage-1. Glucose, TP, cholesterol and Tg were significantly higher (P<0.01) in cows two months after parturition, while Alb was found to be the highest (P<0.01) in cows immediately after parturition. An increasing trend of LDL (P=0.07) and HDL (P=0.07) were found in the cows two months after parturition. However, Ca levels were significantly (P=0.04) higher in cows two months after parturition. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is alteration of biochemical levels among the study population at three different stages, and these data may be helpful in using the necessary nutrients to the the high yielding cows around their parturition.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c134

Objectives: This study was designed to assess the contamination of enterovirulent Escherichia coli with table eggs at Mansoura, Egypt.   Materials and methods: A total of 100 commercially available table eggs were randomly collected from various groceries and supermarkets at Mansoura, Egypt. The samples were screened for the presence of E. coli through conventional bacteriological and biochemical analyses followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, 18% (n=18/100) samples were found to be contaminated with one or more E. coli isolates. All possible E. coli colonies (n=52) appeared on MacConkey agar plates during the screening process were picked for further analysis. Among the 52 suspected isolates, 24 were confirmed as E. coli, which were further serotyped using polyvalent E. coli antisera. In this study, 9 different E. coli serotypes namely O78, O114, O2, O44, O1, O125, O128, O124 and O26 were identified. Out of these 9 serological strains, 5 (O78, O2, O44, O125, O124 and O26) were positive for eae gene, and 3 (O44, O1 and O128) were positive for stx2 gene. Two serological strains (O44 and O1) were positive for both stx1 and eae genes, while O125 and O114 were positive for stx2 and eae genes. Two strains (O78 and O128) were found to be positive for all three genes (stx1, stx2 and eae). Conclusion: Ensuring hygienic measures can effectively reduce the microbial load from table eggs.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c123

Objective: The objective of this research work was to find out the prevalence of clinically occurring diseases and the disorders in cattle and goats at the Sylhet Agricultural University area, Sylhet during January to December 2013. Materials and methods: This clinical study was carried out on 775 clinical cases (553 cattle and 222 goats) based on the general, clinical, physical and microscopical examination along with common laboratory techniques. Results: The clinically observed cases in cattle were (i) gyneco-obstetrical (15.37%; n=85/553; P=0.038), (ii) metabolic and nutritional (9.94%; n=55/553; P=0.245), (iii) bacterial and viral (26.22%; n=145/553; P=<0.001), (iv) parasitic (26.58%; n=147/553; P=<0.001), and (v) digestive diseases (21.88%; n=121/553; P=0.008). Similarly, in goats, the prevalences were found to be 14.41 (n=32/222; P=0.041), 15.76 (n=35/222; P=0.078), 30.63 (n=68/222; P=0.001), 23.87 (n=53/222; P=0.020), and 15.31% (n=34/222; P=0.069), respectively. Conclusion: This research work is a groundwork which may facilitate the potential researchers to investigate the details possessions for extensive therapeutic exercises in Bangladesh particularly in Sylhet region for designing the control strategies and conducting the treatment of infection and disorders in cattle and goats.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c128