Objective-To determine via histologic examination and scintigraphy the effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on normal bone and the bone-ligament interface in horses. Animals-6 horses without lameness. Procedure-Origins of the suspensory ligament at the metacarpus (35-mm probe depth) and fourth metatarsal bone (5-mm probe depth) were treated twice (days 0 and 16) with 2,000 shocks (energy flux density, 0.15 mJ/mm2). One forelimb and 1 hind limb were randomly treated, and the contralateral limbs served as nontreated controls. Bone scans were performed on days -1 (before ESWT), 3, 16, and 19. Histomorphologic studies of control and treated tissues were performed on day 30. Results-ESWT significantly increased the number of osteoblasts but caused no damage to associated soft tissue structures and did not induce cortical microfractures. A significant correlation between osteoblast numbers and radiopharmaceutical uptake was noticed on lateral views of the hind limb on days 3 and 16 and on caudal views of the forelimb on day 3. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that ESWT has the potential to increase osteoblast numbers in horses. The correlation between increased osteoblast numbers and radiopharmaceutical uptake 3 days and 16 days after the first ESWT suggested that stimulation of osteogenesis occurred soon after ESWT. No damage to bone or the bone-ligament interface should occur at the settings used in this study, and ESWT can therefore be administered safely in horses.

Objective-To assess the use of CSF testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Sample Population-Test results of 428 serum and 355 CSF samples from 182 naturally exposed, experimentally infected, or vaccinated horses. Procedure-EPM was diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of the CNS. Probability distributions were fitted to serum IFAT results in the EPM+ and EPM- horses, and correlation between serum and CSF results was modeled. Pairs of serum-CSF titers were generated by simulation, and titer-specific likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities of EPM at various pretest probability values were estimated. Post-test probabilities were compared for use of a serum-CSF test combination, a serum test only, and a CSF test only. Results-Post-test probabilities of EPM increased as IFAT serum and CSF titers increased. Post-test probability differences for use of a serum-CSF combination and a serum test only were less than or equal to 19% in 95% of simulations. The largest increases occurred when serum titers were from 40 to 160 and pre-test probabilities were from 5% to 60%. In all simulations, the difference between pre- and post-test probabilities was greater for a CSF test only, compared with a serum test only. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-CSF testing after a serum test has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of EPM. A CSF test alone might be used when CSF is required for other procedures. Ruling out other causes of neurologic disease reduces the necessity of additional EPM testing.

Objective-To determine the relationship between the output of an electrical treatment device and the effective field strength in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses. Sample Population-Cadaver horse forelimbs without visible defects (n = 8) and 1 live pony. Procedure-Microcurrents were generated by a microcurrent electrical therapy device and applied in proximodistal, dorsopalmar, and mediolateral directions in the entire forelimbs, dissected tendons, and the pony with various output settings. Corresponding field strengths in the tendons were measured. Results-A linear relationship was detected between current and field strength in all conditions and in all 3 directions. In dissected tendons, significant differences were detected among all 3 directions, with highest field strength in the proximodistal direction and lowest in the dorsopalmar direction. In the entire forelimbs, field strength in the proximodistal direction was significantly lower than in the mediolateral direction. Results in the pony were similar to those in the entire forelimbs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Electrode placement significantly affected field strength in the target tissue. Many surrounding structures caused considerable reduction of field strength in the target tissue. These factors should be taken into account when establishing protocols for electrical current-based therapeutic devices if these devices are proven clinically effective.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia supplemented to broilers on some physiological parameters represented by hematological characteristics . A total of 90 chick of broiler faobre strain from IPA center for agricultural researches were used at one day old . The birds at 4th day old , were randomly assigned into three groups . Each group consisted of thirty birds . The control groub ( c ) was not treated , T1 group treated with aqueous extract 1 ml / day of concentration 0.25 (gm / ml water) and T2 group was treated with aqueous extract 1 ml / day of 0.125 gm/ml concentration and for eight weeks . All groups were fed the same commercial basal ration of broiler and the same environmental condition and vaccinations were allowed to each group . The results of blood samples tests were as follows . Treated birds expressed high values of blood hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume percentage and showed significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) compared with control group . The birds ofT1 group indicated high significant increased( p < 0.05 ) in total leukocytic count compared V with the T2 & control group . Theres is , significant increased ( p< 0.05 ) in numbers V of TWBCS in T2 group compared with a control group . A total erythrocytic counts revealed that there were Significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) between groupsln numbers of Red blood cells by increasing the number of red blood cells in treated group . These results refered to the benefit of aqueous extract of Men!/m /ongifolia to broiler chicken at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125 gm /ml

Random 'l‘n5 mutagenesis produced 2l cysteine/methionine and 13 methionine au.'otrophic mutants of‘ Sinorliiznbimn me/1'/or/' strain Rmd20l. Linkage of Tn5 to auxotroph indicated that each mutant had a single 'l‘n5 insertion. All auxotroph showed spontaneous reversion to prototrophy and they resembled the parental strain in production ofcell surface molecule and utilization of sugars and dicarboxylic acid.

The protein extract from powder milk were prepared by extraction, followed by purification and fractionation using gel filtraction. One peak was obtained from powder milk with molecular weight of 22KDa. ELISA and skin test were performed on 195 patients tested with powder milk.The rate of positive results to skin test and ELISA was 60.51%. - ‘ ‘ There were significant differences P

A total of99 healthy genitalia ofAwassi ewes were collected from AL-Shula . and local abattoirs , Baghdad province , for biometrical measurement of uteri . viz. .weight and length of uterus , no. of caruncles in uterus body and horns . the greater and leaser curvature length of both left and right horns and The diameters of both horns . The results revealed that the mean weight and length of uterus respectively 34.365 g and l.354 cm were significantly differs due to different phases of estrus cycle. The mean total of caruncles in uterus body and homs \ere 3.566 and 90.939 which were insignificantl} differ due U. different phases ofestrus respectively The greater lengths ofthe right ,and left horn were 17.270 & l7.769 cm while the leaser lengths were I i. 974 & l2.542 cm respectively which were insignificantly differ due to different oiuses of estrus . However the mean different of the right & left horns were 1 £62 & 1 .339 cm respectively which were significantly differ due to different phases of: strus; met estrus , showed the highest values

Hypoglycemic activity of Haloxylon salicornicum and Glibenclamide were studied in normal and diabetic rabbits. The drugs were adminstered once daily at dose of lg / Kg at H.salicorm'cum and 10 mg / Kg at Glibenclamide by gavage for one month. Serum glucose level, creatinine level, total bilirubine and total protein were reduced significantly in 15-30 days. The serum Transaminase (AST and ALT activities) had effect on the treated groups.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chitosan sheets onA inflammation. Accordingly chitosan sheet was isolated and prepared from theexoskeleton of the native shrimps in Basrah Province. The inflammation was induced andevaluated by polyvinyl sponge to determine the events which occur during theinflammatory process during different intervals in the presence or absence of chitosan&lsquo; sheets .For this purpose 24 male rabbits were used and two linear skin incisions (2 cm)were made on the dorsal aspect in both sides of each rabbit. The inflammatory process atl,3,7&amp;l5 day post wounding was evaluated macroscopically in terms of hyperemia,suppuration, dryness, and adhesion of margins and microscopically in terms of infiltrationof inflammatory cells specially neutrophils and macrophages, fibrovascular granulationtissue. _. The &lsquo;results of macroscopic evaluation revealed that '-It first post wounding day thetest wound was significantly (p&lt;0.05) more hyperemic than control wounds followed bya significant decrease in the severity of hyperemia in test wounds at ls&lsquo;, 3rd, 7"&lsquo;, and 15"&lsquo;post wounding days (p&lt;0.05). The test wounds was more dry with less suppuration to_ words the end of the experiment than control wounds (p&lt;0.05). The adhesive contactbetween the margin of the wounds was significantly higher in test wounds than in controlwounds through out the period of experiment (p&lt;0.05).

In an assessment of cellular immunity in Guinea pigs following transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell transfer using the erythrocytes: lyphocytes rosette test (E-rosette test). . The results revealed the following: p _ There is increase in the mean number of E-rosette forming active and total T lymphocytes in the sensitized transfer factor and sensitized spleen cell recipient groups comparable to control groups received normal spleen cell extract and normal spleen cells. These findings indicate that E-rosette "forming cells are of cellular immunological sinificance. .