Bovine tuberculosis represents one of the very important infectious diseases in Egypt and the world. It has zoonotic importance and causes severe economic losses. Accurate and rapid diagnosis considered as the milestone for control of the disease. In this study ELISA technique was used for confirmation of positive reactors cows that tested with single intradermal tuberculin test, to detect false positive reactors. Bovine PPD and ST.CF antigens have been used as two different coatingantigens for ELISA technique. 3747 cattle from dairy farms in five different governorates were subjected to the single intradermal cervical tuberculin test whereas 78 (2.24%) proved positive reactors to tuberculin. These positive reactors tested with ELISA. 64 (82.05%) animals were positive by ELISA coated with ST-CF, while by using bovine PPD as coating antigen 58 (74.35%) animals were positive. The previous results indicated that ELISA test showed higher sensitivity and specificity using ST-CF as coating antigen than in case of bovine PPD coating antigen.

A comparative study of three enucleation methods; enucleation by pushing out small amount of cytoplasm beneath the first polar body, enucleation by bisectioning of oocytes, and enucleation by aspiration were carried out using the oocytes of Indian buffaloes. The statistical analysis of the results revealed that, there is no significant difference between the three enucleation methods. This information would be helpful for optimization of enucleation of recipient oocyte during somatic cell nuclear transfer.

An abattoir serological survey of brucellosis in pigs was conducted in Makurdi, Benue State North Central Nigeria between October and November 2011. Blood-sera were collected from a total of 281 slaughtered pigs and their ages and sex were recorded. The sera were tested for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). A total of 86 of the 281 (30.60%) pigs were serologically positive. The prevalence of positive pigs based on sex was 31.20% and 30.13% for male and female pigs, respectively. The age prevalence was 30.10% and 32.00% for young and adult pigs, respectively. There was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between positivity of reactor pigs and their sex or age. This study concluded that brucellosis is a problem in the swine industry. Consequently, strict sanitary measures and control of swine brucellosis is urgently warranted to avoid spread of infection through pigs’ populations and their contacted persons as well as pork consumers.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Ether Extract of Propolis (EEP) on Ross (308) broiler performance and carcass characteristics. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (different levels of propolis including 0, 100, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg diet) for 6 weeks. The mean weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. In addition At 42 days old the total body weight, total body weight gain, carcass and some internal organs relative weights were recorded. The results clarified that, the weight gain was significantly reduced in the 4th and 6th week (P<0.05), while the feed consumption, feed efficiency were non significantly (P>0.05) reduced for propolis fed birds in comparison to those fed control diet, Furthermore, inclusion of 100, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg diet Propolis significantly reduced body weight at 42 days old and total body weight gain in comparison to control diet (P < 0.05). Under the condition of this experiment, prolonged use of propolis had adverse effect on performance of broilers. Also, all doses of propolis had non-significant negative effect on liver, heart, gizzard and carcass relative weight. In conclusion, EEP has no beneficial effect on performance and Carcass characteristics of Broilers.

The current study was carried out from November 2011 to March 2012 with the objective of determining the prevalence, species and worm burden of abomasal nematodes of sheep and goats slaughtered at Helmex export abattoir in Debre Zeit, central Ethiopia. A total of 199 sheep and 185 goats’ abomasums were subsequently collected and examined for adult parasites. Of these, 333 (86.7%) were positive for one or more abomasal nematodes. The overall prevalence was 86.9 and 86.5% in sheep and goats, respectively. The recovered species were identified as Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei and Teladorsagia species in both animals. Statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between hosts and ages in prevalence of these parasites. However, statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (94.4%). The mean worm burden was 497.3 and 472.4 21 for sheep and goats, respectively. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis were high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.

The study was conducted to assess the level of fungal contamination of poultry houses with emphasis on Aspergillus species contamination of litter, feeders, drinkers and the housing materials. Ten swabs each from ten locations and materials (100) of the 10 poultry houses were collected for fungal isolation. A total of 126 fungi belonging to 5 genera were isolated from the different parts of the poultry environment viz; Aspergillus, Mucor, Candida, Rhizopusand Penecillium species with Aspergillus and Candida species having the highest frequency of isolation, 69 (54.76%) and 27 (20.93%) respectively. Three species of Aspergillus were isolated A. fumigatus (22), A. flavus (22) and A. niger (18). Fungi were isolated from all parts of the poultry sampled with a higher rate of isolation from the doors, window nets, roof and feeders. The presence of Aspergillus and Candida species which are important poultry pathogens i.e causing Aspergillosis, mycotoxicosis and Candidaisis indicates an economic threat the farmers as well as to the health of the bird.

In this study, the enteric parasites of zoo animals and zookeepers in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt were investigated. Fecal samples from thirteen animal species were examined by floatation and formol ether sedimentation techniques. Zoo animals were classified into non-human primates, carnivores and herbivorous animals. The examination of non-human primates revealed the presence of Trichuris trichura eggs, Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica cysts. In carnivores, Toxoascaris leonina eggs and Isospora felis oocysts were the most predominantfindings. In herbivore wild animals, gastrointestinal nematode (GIT) eggs and Eimeria species oocysts were present. Larval identification by fecal culture of (GIT) eggs demonstrated the presence of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloid papillosus larvae. Examination of zookeepers and one lab worker revealed the presence of Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica cysts. In conclusion, infection with Giardia intestinals and Entamoeba histolytica in both of human and nonhumanprimates suggests the zoonotic transmission in the zoo.

Bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) is essentially responsible for disease resistance in cattle; however there is possibility of its association with other economically important traits. BoLA has been studied extensively for DRB3 gene polymorphism in zebu as well as exotic cattle and their association with several disease resistance traits. In this report we tried to study the association of DRB3 polymorphism in crossbred cattle with milk characteristics and reproduction status. A total of 11 alleles were found in the population that had more than 3% frequency. Least squares mean for 305 days milk yield in crossbred cows was 2412.79±68 kg and average daily milk protein yield was 2.98±0.02 g. In the study we could not see statistically significant association of DRB3 polymorphism with the milk yield or milk protein content of the crossbred cattle, indicating they are independent of each other. For reproductive status of cattle, we could clearly see the biased distribution of alleles for the repeat or normal breeders. Alleles DRB3*0801, *0701, *2801 and *1505 were exclusive to normal breeder category. Similarly alleles *1101, *0801, *1801 and *1601 had higher frequency in normal breeder category. There was no allele exclusive to repeat breeder category, however, alleles *3201, *0201 and *1103 had tendency to fall in repeat breeder category.

A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used to investigate the effect of aluminium toxicity on behavioural patterns of adult female rats and learning ability of offspring. Rats were allotted into 4 groups, group one received 2g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride (n=10), group two received 3g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride (n=10), group three received 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride in drinking water (n=10) and control group did not receive anhydrous aluminium chloride (n=5) from 8th day of pregnancy till weaning of pups. The obtained results showed that feeding time increased significantly in 2g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride groups than control one, while, litter licking frequency and nursing time increased significantly in 2g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride than other groups. On contrarylying time decreased significantly in rats treated with 2g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride than other groups, licking and scratching decreased in 3g/l and 3.5g/l anhydrous aluminium chloride groups. In considering, the time spent in closed arms by offspring pups exhibited much times significantly than control group, while, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze decreased significantly in all treated groups than control group. On the other hand, number of entries in open arms significantly decreased in treated groups than control one.