The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gender and breed factors on inter and cross sucking calves with abnormal behavior. Present field study was enrolled among 4 different farms located in Aydin Municipality, in the Aegean Region of Turkey. A total of 456 calves, with abnormal behavior characteristics, from those 4 farms, were enrolled, involving neonatal calves. The data collected during half an hour observation session were as follows: a) total suckling period and b) suckling bout attempts. Cross-sucking was frequently detected near the feeder in all 4 farms. Heavier calves were sucked more often. The milk bottle were also sucked often, but never longer than 10 seconds. Calves were frequently active in cross-sucking and it was observed that the cross-sucking calves went into the milk feeder more often for a shorter duration. Simmental calves with cross-suckling per observation time were significantly higher than that of the Holstein (p˂0.001). Number of Simmental calves was higher for cross- and inter-sucking behavior. Given the individual interpretation of 4 different farms involved in this study, cross-sucking attempts regarding gender indicated significancy for farms I (p˂0.05) and IV (p˂0.001). The present study supports a potential preliminary finding for calves with stereotypical behaviors for further studies in Turkey.

It was aimed with present study to determining the assemblages characterisation of G. duodenalis and to comparison of pathogenicity of intermittent spread agent with microscopic faecal examination and Nested PCR in cattle. Assemblages A and E were found to be major assemblage of G. duodenalis detected by targeting the amplication of β-giardin with nPCR. Furthermore, it was observed that 7/9 calves that were nPCR negative in the 1st month returned to positivity in the following months (100%), and negative microscopy and rapid test kit evaluations could be detected despite periodic nPCR positivity. In conclusion this study might be represented baseline date for following of faceal excreation period and importance of preventive treatment in cattle.

 For long and healthy life, new drugs, medical services, and care must be developed against diseases. Laboratory animals are used in pharmacology and toxicology studies. The use of laboratory animals causes serious problems such as animal welfare and cost. Cell culture, which constitutes the first step of drug development, is used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs; however, it can cause failure due to unpredictable liver toxicity and bioavailability problems. Invertebrates are used to determine the desired effect in the early stages of drug development. Silkworm, an invertebrate, is one of the best models to represent genetic, biochemical studies due to its complex metabolism, large body, the abundance of mutants. Silkworms have been used in many studies on pathogenic microorganisms in the world. In this review, the information will be given on the use of silkworms as a pharmacological and toxicological animal model.

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) which is a hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland and other tissues, affects a variety of biologic processes in organism with receptor dependent pathways and independent pathways. Both in vivo and and in vitro experiments show that the melatonin via its receptors, stimulates differentiation of immune cells and immune cell–target cell interactions. The influences of melatonin on immune system are generally associated with production of cytokines. In addition melatonin has powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The findings about the effects of melatonin on immune system are promising for therapy of immune system diseases. The present review attempts to summarize melatonin’s effects on immune system.

Despite the implication of viruses and bacteria in oncogenesis, commensal microbes play a beneficial role in anticancer therapy. Microbiota regulates responses made to various types of cancer chemotherapy by affecting the mechanism of action and toxicity of these therapies. From birth, microbiota confers innate and acquired immune responses and its role in modulating health and diseases has recently been appreciated. Increasing evidence also suggests that microbiota affects the pattern of body energy balance thus; they have a correlation with obesity, obesity-related complications and insulin resistance. Hence, microbiota has attracted the interest of researchers. However, there is little, if any, robust evidence-based review on their role in patients’ response to cancer therapy and their influence on host-biochemistry thus, this review aimed to achieve that.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.

Post-breeding endometritis is among the most important causes of infertility in purebred Arabian mares. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the diagnosis of post-breeding endometritis by various intrauterine antibiotics administrations and to determine the most successful treatment protocol in terms of achieving pregnancy. For this purpose, a total of 80 purebred Arabian mares, that had no reproductive problems in the previous season but were susceptible to post-breeding endometritis in the season of the study were included. During the ovulation follow up performed 24 and 48 hours after the insemination, mares with an intrauterine fluid accumulation larger than 2 cm in diameter were considered susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. These mares were divided into 3 different intrauterine treatment groups: Group I (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid, n=20), Group II (Ceftiofur Sodium, n=20) and Group III (Florfenicol, n=20). The mares in the control group were not given any treatment other than placebo (0.09% NaCl) (Group IV, n=20). Oxytocin (IM) was administered to all mares in the treatment and control groups 2-3 hours after the application, in 3 doses at 6 hour intervals. An examination was performed at the 24th and 48th hours following the ovulation to determine ovulation. Pregnancy examinations were carried out by ultrasound on the 15th, 30th and 45th days after the ovulation. As a result of the treatments, pregnancy rates among the groups were found as 40%, 60%, 55% and 20%, respectively. As a result, it was concluded that Ceftiofur sodium and Florfenicol applications are effective (p<0.05) in terms of pregnancy rates in mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid containing sulfur group in methionine metabolism regulating by vitamin B12 and folic acid. In recent years, it has been used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of several diseases. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to investigate normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering the age and gender. Thirty-two blood samples were collected from healthy Angora cats. They were classified as young (5.8±2.6 months, n=16) and adults (76.6±52.6 months, n=16) according to age, and as male (n=16) and female (n=16) according to gender as well. The findings of this study showed that plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate concentrations of all cats were totally 29.94±3.20 nmol/mL, 1179.25±156.96 pg/mL, 28.10±1.50 ng/mL, respectively. These parameters were not differed statistically according to gender (P>0.05). On the other hand, it was observed that plasma concentrations of Hcy, and vitamin B12 were significantly (P<0.05) increased by ageing, except folate levels. In conclusion, this is the first study represents the normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering age and gender It is supposed that findings of this study may offer scientific data for researchers, veterinarians, or further comprehensive studies.

As a well-known protozoan zoonotic giardiasis has manifested itself with various clinical findings in mammal species including human and dogs. Absorption of some essential biochemical elements required to growth has interrupted in giardiasis being tight relationship with malnutrition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the serum trace element levels in dogs infected with giardiasis. For this purpose, totally 16 dogs enrolled in the study and 8 of these had diarrhoea compatible with giardia (infected group) and others were grouped into healthy. Diagnosis of giardia was performed by microscopical evaluation of cysts and supported by rapid test from faecal samples. In the infected group, copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) levels had significant differences to healthy control. Giardia infected dogs had a significant increase in Cu and significantly reduces in Mg and Zn levels. It was thought that unclear mechanism of decreased Zn levels might be related to elevated Cu involving enzyme systems. And also, malabsorption and diarrhoea were proposed mechanism for altered Mg levels, which could counteract by blocking of intestinal absorption. Consequently, Cu, Mg and Zn levels were affected in giardiasis and the addable of these elements to the treatment should be revealed by further studies.

The aim of this study is to identify physiological reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) results, in healthy sheep and goats. The study included 56 adult Sakiz sheep and 38 Saanen goats with no ocular disease. Tear volume was measured by a sterile STT strip. IOP was measured with Tono-Vet. IOP and STT readings were carried out in July, at 12.30-14.30 hrs. Measurements were write down in similar conditions in sheep and goats (at 41.8°C-30% humidity and 40.5°C and 32% humidity, respectively). No statistically significant difference was determined between the mean IOP and STT values of the left eye and the right eye in the statistical analysis of goats and sheep (P>0.05). The mean STT values were 10.6±3.03 mm/min in Saanen goats and 11.8±3.35 mm/min in Sakiz sheep. The mean IOP values were 16.5±5.46 mmHg and 17.7±4.57 mmHg for Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in the STT (P<0.05) and IOP (P<0.01) values between goats and sheep. In the literature review for reference IOP and STT levels, there is no report for Sakız sheep. Reference values of STT and IOP in summer conditions in Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep were revealed and provide more information for experimental and clinical studies.