Study the effect of nitric oxide donor on sperms membrane integrity and volume and their relationship with viability and sperm motility. This study was done usingtwo groupseach one contained 10 samples first one exposed to eight different gradient of hypotonic solutions containing Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)and second 10 samples diluted with gradient hypotonic solutions without Sodium nitroprusside,Bull semen tris dilution treated with Sodium nitroprussidein that protected the sperm fromosmocellular changes stress. The results showed tolerance sperm to gradient hypotonic solution in sperm swelling and classic spermatocrit marked significance by the relative volume shift volumetric data. In addition the SNP had sperm protection to osmolarity tested and give improvement viability and sperm motility. Hypotonic media tonicity that may be attributed to direct liberation of Nitric oxide that produced vital regulation of Na-K ATPase and Calcium channels of sperm membrane

Invegstigation of antibacterial activity of water,ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Oregano(Origanum vulgare)and compared with Vancomycin, Erythromycin, cloxacillin ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin antibiotics was carried out on gram positive and Gram microorganisms for different extracts. The zone of inhibition varies depending on bac-terial ranges from 12 to 26, 14 to 20 and 18 to 22 for water,ethanolic and methanolic With anMICs of(0.167 0.1033) mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis and against Staphylococ-cus aureus was(0.21±0.102) μg/ml. when comparing the extracts MICs with those of antibiotics. All extracts showed pronounced antibacterial effects against both Gram posi-tive and Gram negative bacteria with a significant differences between the effect of extracts & antibiotics ( p < 0.05 )

The present study designed for determining the effect of malathion on some blood parameters on male and female albino mice. The study was done on 42 mice divided in three groups,14mice per group 7per sex in each group. During two months, with (250mg/kg,500mg/kg) malathion doses there were clinical disorders such us salivation ,quaking, and diarrhea were observed in addition to significantly decreases (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and the ulcerogenic activity of 5-(3-chloro-1-benzothien -2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was determined by comparing it with a standard drug (naproxen). The anti-inflammatory effects were studied by using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats and the ulcerogenic liability was assessed and compared with a standard drug. The results showed that the compound had an obvious anti-inflammatory effect and the activity is comparable to that of the standard drug with less ulcerogenic effects.

Since the invention of laser in 1960, lasers have been developed and approved in many fields. Lasers can now be regarded as practical tools with unique properties that have been utilized effectively in several applications in fields of medical and biological sciences. six bacterial isolates were isolated from human samples of diabetic foot infections, which used for preparation of vaccines. The experiment was conducted on fifteen adult male rabbits, they were divided into three groups with 5 rabbits each. After irradiation of the bacterial suspensions with the diode laser for different exposure times and different frequencies, and the wavelengths used were (660, 820, 915 ) nm, the growth of bacterial isolates decreased until killed of bacteria at ( 40) min. The aim of the current study was to preparation of vaccines (live attenuated and killed) by irradiation of the bacteria by the low level diode laser. Wavelength (660) nm was more effective in killing the bacteria, and the variations were not significant between the live attenuated and the killed vaccine

Proteins are very important molecules as therapeutics. They have several advantages over small molecule drugs but their use is limited by their circulation short half life, immunogenicity and physicochemical instability. Several approaches have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics of proteins. One that is clinically proven is the covalent conjugation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) to the protein. This is known as PEGylation. Problems associated with PEGylation include product heterogenicity and low conjugation efficiency. A new approach is applied in this study which is site-specific PEGylation and it is called disulfide bridging PEGylation. The main principle is to reduce a native disulfide bond in the protein molecule followed by PEGylation using a bis-alkylation PEG reagent that can insert a three carbon bridge that connects to the two sulphur that had formed the disulfide. In this study controlled reduction and disulfide bridging PEGylation of transferrin (which has 19 disulfides some that are close to the surface and are accessible) was conducted. For transferrin (Tf) partial reduction was achieved using (0.5 mM) DTT which is considered to be mild reducing conditions. No denaturant was required for the partial reduction of transferrin. Mono-PEGylation was achieved with a small amount of di-PEGylation being observed. Holo-Tf (which is Tf bound to iron) and apo-Tf (which is Tf iron free) were compared to see if bounded iron had any effect on protein conformation that could influence disulfide reduction or PEGylation. Both forms of Tf give the same results by Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) indicating that iron had no effect. Using higher equivalents of the PEG reagent was unnecessary; we obtained good mono-PEGylation 198 by adding 2 equivalents of PEG to the protein. The results approved by Size exclusion chromatography –High performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis. These results demonstrate the possibility of controlled reduction of multiple disulfide proteins under mild conditions which may improve the stability, prolong the half life and improve pharmacokinetics of Tf to present it as medicine

Esophagus of geese was tubular organ situated at right side of the body. it was divided into, cervical and thoracic part, the cervical part longer than thoracic part. The length of cervical part ,crop, thoracic part were recorded and the mean and S.D. was founded: 16. 4,1 .35cm;7.3,1.06cm;3.83,0.57cm respectively. The crop was merely enlargement fusiform in shape which located at the entrance of the thorax. The esophagus parts showed that composed of four layer, the mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular and serosa. The mucosal layer was thickened in the thoracic part than the crop and constituted by thick nonkertenized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria and mucous glandsThe mucous glands and nodular lymphatic tissues in was rich in thoracic part. The sub mucous layer was no evidence and composed of loose connective tissues, the muscular layer constituted by circular inner and longitudinal extra.Serosa layer composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibrous.

Experimentally red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) extract had been used to stain different types of parasites Lecithochirium acutum (Trematoda), Taenia spp.Dipylidium caninum and cysticercus cyst for Taenia spp. (Cestoda), Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis (Nematoda) and Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis (Acanthocephala). Stained helminthes were acquired a good pigmentation with distinction their internal structure, fish's Trematoda Lecithochirium acutum appear well –defined of its internal structure, the oral and ventral sucker, cirrus sac, uterus, testes, ovary and vitallaria were appeared pink in color. The whole of mature and gravid segments of Taenia spp. were acquired the yellow to brown colour in both cirrus sac and vas deference besides differentiation of eggs in gravid segment, Scolex of Taenia spp. get brown in color.in addition segment of Dipylidiun caninum acquired yellow colour. The cysticercus cyst was taken pink in color with distinguish of its hooks, while both Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis and Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis were appear pink to red in colour

A total of 200 samples of raw milk (100 cow milk and 100 buffaloe milk) were collected from different markets in Basrah city and were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus . Results indicate that this bacterium was observed in 28.5% of total samples (30% of cow milk and 27% of buffalo milk) Enterotoxin genes (Sea-See) were investigated using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene ( Sec ) was detected in 24.56% of the S. aureus isolates , while none of the S. aureus isolates harbouring Sea, Seb,Sed or See genes.