The objectives of this study were to screen the possible effects of B. subtilis and its soluble byproducts against C. perfringens, a causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens. The use of B. subtilis strain was found to be inactive in vitro against C. perfringens but its cell filtrate byproducts produced after growth of B. subtilis at 37°C with medium pH adjusted at 5.0, having inhibitory effect in the form of inhibitory zones; measured inhibition of 12 mm. The produced anticlostridial factor was not affected by heat treatment at 70, 100 or 121°C for 15 minutes. The study recorded the responses of broiler chickens to oral administration of C. perfringens and the possible antagonistic effects of B. subtilis and its cell-free filtrate byproducts in vivo. Results revealed that B. subtilis decreased the severity of intestinal necrotic lesions produced after oral inoculation of C. perfringens and the suggested anticlostridial effect was more clear when the cell- free filtrate produced by growing B. subtilis at 37°C with pH 5.0 was added to feed at a dose of 20 ml/kg of ration.

A clinical study was conducted under field condition during the period from January 2005 to December 2008 in Beni-Suef province on a total number of 15 calves suffered from congenital penile urethral dilatation at the perineal region. The affection was diagnosed and treated surgically under field condition and treatment included perineal urethrostomy (8 calves) and partial resection of penis including the dilated urethra (7 calves). Results revealed that duration of surgery for urethrostomy was shorter (mean 36.25 minutes) than penile resection (mean 85.71 minutes), bleeding was so extensive in penile resection group than urethrostomy one and cost of surgery was lower for urethrostomy than penile resection but aftercare cost was twice that of penile resection. Complications were higher in urethrostomy group, recovery period was nearly the same in both groups (14.37 and 14.28 days), mean body gain was higher in penile resection group (82 kg) than urethrostomy group (77.14 kg), and both groups considered of low quality animals at market as a result of loss of breeding capability and presence of urine scald. It could be concluded that both techniques are satisfactory but partial penile resection including the dilated urethra is superior to urethrostomy despite the higher cost and invasive surgical procedure.

Twenty tails of buffaloes were used in this study from apparently healthy adult animals. They are dissected to reveal their arteries and veins. Fourteen photographs illustrated the results in the study. The study revealed that the arterial supply of the tail comes from the median caudal, superficial caudal, deep caudal, dorsolateral caudal arteries and the tail is drained by five caudal veins; median caudal, two ventrolateral caudal and two lateral caudal veins.

To determine whether an anti-Salmonella bacterium is involved in control of pathogen load in persistently infected cattle herds. 24 Holstein calves experimentally infected and 39 Holstein cows naturally infected with Salmonella spp. An Escherichia coli (designated as P8E5) that possessed anti-Salmonella activity was isolated from Salmonella-negative bovine feces obtained from a herd with endemic Salmonella infection. In vitro analysis involved enumerating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium coincubated with E coli P8E5. In vivo analysis involved coadministration of Salmonella spp and E coli P8E5 or an E coli control strain to neonatal Holstein calves. Fecal samples were collected on multiple days after inoculation, and quantitative PCR assay was performed by use of Salmonella-specific primers. E coli P8E5 reduced viability of Salmonella spp in vitro. Shedding of Salmonella organisms was diminished in calves administered E coli P8E5, whereas the control strain of E coli had no effect on shedding of Salmonella organisms. In this study, an E coli strain was identified that possessed bacteriocin-like activity and was able to decrease viability of Salmonella organisms in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it is possible that this organism could be representative of native microbiota that dampen Salmonella spp in persistently infected cattle herds.

The present study was carried out to examine the sustained release effect of the implantable bovine somatotropin (SRI-BST) formula. In the blood profile test in steers, the bovine somatotropin concentration in serum by radioimmunoassay showed the peak concentration on the first day after the implantation of the SRI-BST formula, and concentration proceeded for 5 days (p less than 0.05). The insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration showed the peak concentration on the seventh day after implantation of the SRIF-BST formula, and concentration proceeded for 10 days (p less than 0.05). The glucose showed the peak concentration on the first day after implantation of the SRI-BST formula, and concentration continued for 3 days (p less than 0.05). The blood urea nitrogen showed the lowest concentration on the third day after implantation of the SRI-BST formula, and concentration continued for 7 days (p less than 0.05). these results proved that the SRIF-BST formula was the sustained release effects in steers.

This study was performed to evaluate repeated-dose oral toxicities of Chelidonium majus extract in Fischer 344/N rats. Chelidonium majus extract was administered orally to rats at dose levels of 0, 25, 74, 222, 666 and 2,000 mg/kg/day. Each group consisted of 10 rats of each gender. The Chelidonium majus extract was given once a day, 5 times a week, for 90 day repeatedly. This study was conducted in accordance with the Protocol of Korea National Toxicology Program (issued by National Institute of Toxicological Research) and The Standards of Toxicity Study for Medicinal Products (issued by Korea Food and Drug Administration). In the present study, There were no toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight gains, ophthalmoscopy, urine analysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, histopathology, estrus cycle and sperm examination of all animals treated with Chelidonium majus extract. These results suggest that the oral no observed adverse-effect level of the test item, Chelidonium majus extract, in rats is higher than 2.000 mg/kg/day in both genders. The target organs were not established.

The zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum which had been reared in the commercial aquaria was found dead and submitted for postmortem examination. A pure bacterial culture was isolated from pale and enlarged liver. The analysis of ureC and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the isolate as Photobacterium (P.) damselae subsp. damselae and this pathogen was sensitive to gentamicin. Although, no mortality in mouse was observed in the experimental infection study, the isolation of this pathogen in aquarium fish is significant because it can act as a reservoir to other aquatic animals and can also be zoonotic potential to human during aquarium management. This paper describes the first isolation of P. dameselae subsp. damselae from zebra shark.

Susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervid species has been associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the PRNP of the Korean subspecies of Chinese water deer via analyses of the DNA sequences obtained from 34 individual deer. Two SNPs were detected at codons 77 and 100. One SNP at codon 77 encoding Glycine was determined to be a silent mutation but the other SNP detected at codon 100 induced an amino acid change, from Asparagine to Serine. The prion protein (PrP) amino acid sequence of the water deer showed 98.8-99.2% homology with those of American elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer. The PrP of the water deer contained amino acid residues closely related with CWD-susceptibility. This study is the first to describe genetic variations in the PRNP of the Korean subspecies of Chinese water deer.

Cutaneous leiomyomas (leiomyosarcomas) are smooth muscle tumors that occur single or as multiple lesions. They usually arise from the arrector pili muscles (piloleiomyomas) and less commonly from the muscle of veins (angioleiomyomas). This report describes histologic and immunohistochemical features of one cutaneous piloleiomyoma and two angioleiomyosarcomas. Three 7-12-year-old female dogs were presented with single or double cutaneous nodules. Histologically, the neoplastic masses were composed of densely or loosely arranged interlacing bundles. The neoplastic cells were ovoid to elongate, and had eosinophilic cytoplasms and perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolation. Nuclei were central to eccentric, cigar shaped, oval to elongate. In two cases high mitotic index in high power field, multifocal necrosis and local invasion were also noted. Masson's trichrome and van Gieson staining revealed muscle origin tumors in these cases. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly positive for smooth muscle actin. In our best knowledge, this is the first report of cutaneous smooth muscle tumors in dogs in Korea.

A 10-year old female Yorkshire terrier with nasal discharge and swelling was referred to the local animal hospital. Abnormal mass of right nasal cavity was detected in physical examination and radiography. According to the radiographs of the head, there was an evidence of bony destruction in right nose. Oronasal fistula was detected in right maxillary canine teeth. After surgical excision, the sample of nasal mass was refereed to Pathology Department of Veterinary Medicine in Jeju National University. Grossly, the enlarged mass was soft and 3 × 3 cm in size. Histopathologically, the neoplastic mass was composed of tubular to tubulopapillary structures which were lined by single to 6~7 layers of cuboidal to ciliated columnar cells. These neoplastic cells showed invasive tendency to adjacent normal parenchyma. They had uniform, round to oval nuclei, cytoplasm with small vacuoles and indistinct cellular margin. The number of mitotic figures was varied in different areas, ranged from 0 to 4 per high power field. Necrotic foci and infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells also presented in the mass. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells demonstrated strong positive reaction for cytokeratin (CK) 18 but were negative for CK 7 and 8. Based on the gross, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, this mass was diagnosed as nasal adenocarcinoma originated from respiratory epithelium.