Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) or viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is an infectious neuropathological disease affecting more than 120 fish species. Although VER affects mainly marine fish , the disease has also been detected in certain species reared in low  saline and freshwater environments. In the present study, a case of betanodavirus associated massive mortality was investigated in juvenile seabass Latescalcarifer, maintained in cage culture facilities in brackishwater pond in Odisha(India).The affected fish showed clinical signs typical of betanodavirus infection around 70 days post hatch (dph), resulting sudden mass mortality in all the cages affecting almost 100% of the population. Histopathology revealed massive necrosis of tubules in kidney and mild vacuolation of the nervous system, suggesting an infection by betanodavirus.The presence of virus was detected and confirmed by nested RT-PCR assay and sequence analysis of PCR product. Sequencing of the PCR product indicated sequence homology with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus(RGNNV) type.However , the reservoir of the virus leading to the outbreak remains unidentified but suspects the infected fry as source. This is the first report of mortality associated with natural infection of betanodavirus infection in inland cage farming facilities in India.

nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The pelvic girdle of Chinese goose was a large, elongated bone, narrow cranially (3.0 cm) and wide (8.0 cm) caudally. It consisted of two os coxae, each of which was made up of an ilium, an ischium and a pubis. The ilium of the Chinese goose was the largest and longest (14 cm) bone of the os coxae. The pre-acetabular part of the ilium was 6.80 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. The post-acetabular part of ilium was 7.2 cm long. The ilioneural canal was slightly broad in front and narrow caudally. The pelvic surface of ilium showed six openings on either side of the bodies of the lumbosacral mass. The ischiatic foramen was 3.60 cm long and 1.20 cm wide. The ischium was triangular in shape and 7.50 cm long. The caudal border of the pelvis was wide (7.50 cm) and showed a deep notch. The pubis was long (12.0cm), thin, bent rod-like bone, projected well beyond the caudal border of the os coxae and bent medially. The pectineal process was short and rounded. Pneumatic foramina were absent in the os coxae of the Chinese goose. The acetabulum was large and formed by all the three bones. The anti-trochanter was quadrilateral in shape and prominent.

A study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the utilisation pattern of ICT (Information Communication Technology) among undergraduate veterinary students in southern states of India. Data were collected from 248 final year undergraduate students of 12 veterinary colleges in five southern states of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka Andhra Pradesh and Telangana through pretested questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the students studied had 3-4 years of experience in using internet and accessed internet through mobile phone (61.29%). One-third (33.06%) of the students used internet 2-3 days in a week for academic activity while, 30.65% used internet every day for personal activity. The study revealed that students used internet mainly for the preparation of assignments (97.58%). The major problems faced by the students in using ICT tools were slow speed of internet (77.82%) and inadequate number of computers (75.81%) in the institutions. It could be concluded that veterinary students had accessed substantial information technology resources and had knowledge towards computer and internet. Provision of structured information technology training for veterinary students would help them to acquire necessary skills to maximise the utilisation of online veterinary resources. nbsp;

Oestrus detection plays an important role in the reproductive management of a dairy farm. To improve the post-breeding oestrus observation practice among the farmers, a reproductive management tool called ‘Oestrus Monitoring Chart’ (OMC) was designed and developed. The effectiveness of this technology on oestrus detection, timed artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis was studied in a small scale crossbred cattle dairy farm. Breeding parameters viz., number of inseminations carried out per animal, duration between two successive inseminations for each animal, duration between artificial insemination and pregnancy check-up and conception rate was studied for a period of one year before (G1) and one year after installation of OMC (G2). Perusal of the data revealed that the duration between successive artificial insemination (AI) and the duration between AI and pregnancy diagnosis was significantly (P lt; 0.01) decreased in G2 group when compared with G1 group. The conception rate was also significantly improved after the installation of the OMC and introduction of OMC as a reproductive management tool improved the oestrus detection attitude among the farm personnel.

Administration of higher dosage of chlorine leads to a concern about proper dosage determination for shrimp hatchery operations. Hence, the dosage application needs to be reworked at the present context. Accordingly a Completely randomized design experiment with 6 treatments (control, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm of active chlorine content) with 3 replications was conducted. The water quality and the bacterial load were monitored once in 3 hours continuously. The salient observations of the study was that the exposure time for residual chlorine to be nil for the tank with chlorination of 10 ppm concentration was 6 hours, for 20 ppm and 30 ppm it was 18 hours and for 40 ppm and 50 ppm it was 21 hours. Also the results shows that bacterial load was nil in all the treatments viz. 10 to 50 ppm. The pH of the water gets increased and then stabilized. It could be concluded from the study that the chlorination is required in shrimp hatcheries. But the optimum dosage is 10 ppm for ensuring better water quality in shrimp hatchery which is very much less when compared to the general dose of upto 30 ppm for other purposes. Another experimental trial with three replications was conducted to ascertain the survival of post larvae of P. monodon from PL5 to PL 20 with the 10 ppm active chlorine. The study showed that survival was high in 10 ppm.

The present study was conducted in Palakkad district of Kerala as a research activity of ASRTC Trust. A Schedule was developed to record socioeconomic profile of the respondents. Data was collected from 240 dairy farmers using questionnaires by personal interview method and was analysed with statistical tools like frequency and percentage. The distribution of farmers according to age observed in the present study was 51.7 per cent in middle age, 46.8 per cent in old age and 1.70 per cent in young age groups. Farmers with education of class X and less accounted for 75.88 per cent of respondents while 17.65 per cent were graduates and 4.12 per cent had post-graduation or higher education. Illiterate farmers accounted to 2.35 per cent of respondents. Majority of farmers were from OBC communities (46 %) followed by general (39 %) while SC/ST category accounted for 15 per cent of the respondents. Family size was small (less than 5) in 70.4 per cent of respondents and 27.9 per cent of farmers had medium sized families with 6-10 members. About 1.7 per cent of farmers had large families (more than 10 members). Majority of the respondents maintained small herds (65.8%) while 21.3 per cent had medium sized herds. Large herds were maintained by 12.9 per cent of respondents. Majority of the farmers (40.4%) belonged to medium income group, 33.8 per cent had low income and 25.8 per cent had high income. Most farmers had a landholding between 11 cents and up to one acre (45.08 %). Almost equal proportions of farmers had less than 10 cents (27.98 %) and more than 2 acres (26.94 %). Biogas plant was installed by 14.2 per cent of the respondents.

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and hematological changes in different age groups of H. contortus affected Nellore brown sheep. A total of 180 Nellore brown sheep flock maintained in an extensive system of grazing were selected randomly. Even though the sheep were dewormed regularly, an outbreak was noticed during May 2020 in Raptadu mandal of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Eight sheep were found dead in the flock prior to screening. During screening out of 180 sheep, 128 sheep were found normal and were kept as control group and 52 which exhibited clinical signs of anemia, poor growth, emaciation, diarrhea were selected. Blood samples were analyzed for the parameters like hemoglobin concentration (g/dl), Packed cell volume (%), Total erythrocyte count (TEC) and white blood cells (TBC), MCV (fl), MCH(pg), MCHC (g/dl) and compared with normal animals. The infection was confirmed to be due to H. contortus following the recovery of Haemonchus worms at post-mortem. The prevalence of H. contortus was recorded to be 40.9 percent in males (18 out of 44) and 25 percent in females (34 out of 136) with an overall prevalence of 28.89 percent (52 out of 180) in this present study.

A field survey was conducted in Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Jagtial, and Peddapalli districts of Northern Telangana state of India to ascertain the milking management practices followed by dairy farmers and data were collected from randomly selected 240 dairy farmers from 24 villages of 8 mandals belonging to the above 4 newly formed districts through personal interview with the help of a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The present study revealed that, all the respondents milked their animals twice in a day and followed most of the good milking practices. All the farmers allowed the calf to suckle at both the times, 33.75% of the respondents offered concentrate feed and practiced teat manipulation for milk let down. Most of the farmers milked the animals at the same place by using scientific milking pails and adopted the practice of drying off their dairy animals two months before calving. Most of the respondents didn’t follow teat dipping. Majority of respondents (99.17%) followed cleaning of milking utensils with tap water. Most of respondents sold their milk to village dairy co-operative society and none of the respondents followed testing for mastitis and sealing of teat canal at the end of lactation in their dairy animals. It can be concluded that, there is enough scope in imparting scientific dairy management practices to the farmers in the study area through training programmes and frequent exposure visits to organised dairy farms apart from providing them milk chilling facility in the form of Bulk milk coolers at village level.

Many countries have imposed regulations relating to concerns that hide contamination will affect the cleanliness of abattoirs. However, South Korea has not indicated any clear criteria. The purpose of this study is to use surrogate bacteria to measure the contamination in abattoirs caused by contaminated cattle hides. The swab contact method and plate count method are used. Surrogate bacteria are found in most internal environments after the final process. These surrogates remained on the carcass even after the final washing process. This paper is the first study in South Korea that use surrogate bacteria to analyze contamination levels in abattoirs.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows and their impact on reproductive performance. The characteristics of 1,504 cows, including their peripartum health, nutrition, production, and reproduction, were collected. Cows with metabolic disorder were significantly more likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; p less than 0.001) and cows with clinical endometritis tended to be more likely (OR, 1.35; p less than 0.1) to become repeat breeders than cows without metabolic disorder and clinical endometritis, respectively. Cows initially inseminated more than 80 days after calving were less likely (OR, 0.78; p less than 0.05) to become repeat breeders than cows initially inseminated ≤ 80 days after calving. As a result, repeat breeding in dairy cows resulted in a 90 day longer (p less than 0.0001) mean interval from calving to pregnancy. In conclusion, postpartum metabolic disorder, clinical endometritis, and a short interval from calving to initial insemination were risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows, resulting in a severely impaired reproductive performance.