In the present study, it was aimed to apply minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the treatment of diaphyseal tibia fractures in cats and to evaluate recovery and complications postoperatively. Minimally invasive fracture repair preserves the blood supply of fragments and periosteal tissues which help to result faster healing, less morbidity, and rapid recovery of limb function. The study was conducted on 12 cats with diaphyseal tibia fracture. After closed reduction of the fractures of the cats included in the study, two small incisions were made from the proximal and distal tibia to expose the bone tissue. Plate placement was performed percutaneously through these insicion areas. The plate was fixed with two screws from the proximal and distal incision line and the fixation of the fracture line was ensured. Soft bandage was applied for 5 days postoperatively and animals caged to restrict movements for 3 weeks. X-rays were taken at regular intervals postoperatively and fracture healing was evaluated. In the controls, it was seen that the animals started to use their legs after the bandage was removed. There were no complications related to the very small operation wound and bone tissue. Healing times were determined as 35 days on average. As a result, it was determined that earlier healing was performed and less complication rate compared to open operational techniques.

House rats (Rattus rattus) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are important reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial diseases. Understanding these animals' gut bacteria composition is crucial for monitoring and preventing infections. This study aimed to determine the hindgut bacteria composition and diversity of the two hosts sampled from Kilosa and Morogoro districts, in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was employed, A total of 114 house rats and 57 cockroaches were caught. The hind guts of trapped host species were dissected and pooled to obtain four pools (two pools represent the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Morogoro municipal and two pools for the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Kilosa district). Genomic DNA was extracted from the pooled samples which was then used in metagenomics sequencing. The observed Shannon and Chao 1 indices indicated higher bacterial species diversity in rats of the Kilosa district and cockroaches of Morogoro municipal. The microbiome diversity in Morogoro municipal was higher for cockroaches than for rats, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In Kilosa district, the microbiome diversity was higher for rats than for cockroaches, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05) Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in the hindgut samples of both animals. However, abundances differed among the host species and areas sampled. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum from Rattus rattus from Kilosa district, P. americana and R. rattus from Morogoro municipal, comprising 48%, 41%, and 40%, respectively. Bacteroidetes were plentiful from P. americana from Kilosa district (48%). Bacterial diversity was observed to be higher for R. rattus from Kilosa district and P. americana from Morogoro municipal. Potential pathogenic bacteria were also observed; the highest relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria was observed from P. americana of Kilosa, followed by R. rattus from the Morogoro district. Therefore, this study highlights the composition of hindgut bacteria carried by P. americana and R. rattus, which gives an insight into the different bacteria carried, including the pathogenic ones. This study suggests surveillance of these pests to minimise outbreaks and transmission of zoonotic diseases. Since this study did not focus on factors influencing microbiome composition and diversity, further studies are recommended to be conducted to see the influence of those factors on the gut microbiome.

Electrospinning is a widely used process in various industries to create polymeric fibers with unique properties. In the context of wound healing, electrospun nanofibers can mimic the extracellular matrix structure, promote tissue regeneration, and enhance the wound healing process. Propolis, a natural substance with various biological properties, has shown potential in promoting healthy skin and wound healing. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. The study was conducted on male Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into three group. The nanopropolis group received nanopropolis applied once daily, while the ethanol extracted propolis group received applied once daily. The control group did not receive any application after the wound was formed. The researchers evaluated the wound sizes throughout the study period. Macroscopically, a gradual healing was observed in all three groups. On the 11th day, the wounds in the nanopropolis and propolis groups healed completely, while the wounds in the control group healed on the 14th day. When the wound sizes were analyzed, the nanopropolis group showed a significant decrease in wound size compared to the control group. Histopathological analysis was performed on the wound samples collected at the end of the study. Microscopically, it was observed that the epidermis layer was more regular in the propolis and nanopropolis groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that propolis-incorporated nanofibers produced by electrospinning (nanopropolis) have a positive effect on wound healing compared to propolis alone and the control group. The nanopropolis group showed a significant reduction in wound size and improved histopathological parameters. These findings highlight the potential of nanopropolis in promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Livestock industry has an indispensable position in providing a source of protein for humans. It is vital for the future of humanity to produce healthy animal products for the needs of the increasing world population and to offer them for consumption day by day. However, so as to meet the request of animal products rapidly, industrialization has been increased by developing mass production methods, these changes in the sector have worried by some consumers and reservations have even increased with disinformation. Depending on this possible food safety and public health concern, people have become conscious of nutrition with natural products in progress of time and new searches have been embarked. On the other hand, due to the prohibition of the inclusion of antibiotics as feed additives in animal nutrition diets, alternative feed additives to antibiotics have been researched in order to increase performance and eliminate diseases. The fact that the quality and health of products such as meat, milk, eggs obtained from livestock are directly related to nutrition provides a better understanding of the value of feed and feed additives. Indeed, it is seen that the popularity of honey bee product bee bread, which has been known to be used as a curative product since ancient times, has increased in recent years in treatment with bee products called apitherapy. Concordantly, the use of bee bread as an alternative feed additive in animal health and nutrition has become increasingly common in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to give information about the possibility of using bee bread (perga), which has been shown by scientific studies to be natural and rich ingredient, as an alternative feed additive in poultry nutrition.

The equine species, which includes donkeys, mules, horses, and ponies, have made major contributions to human civilizations all throughout the world. The Indian livestock sector, after an initial decline in period from 2007 - 2012, staged a remarkable comeback during the period from 2012-2019 with an impressive overall growth rate of 4.8%. However, the total population of horses, ponies, mules and donkeys in India is 0.55 million as per the latest livestock census, a decrease by 51.9% over the previous livestock census (2012). The ‘decreasing utility’ due to increasing vehicles and urbanization has been considered as factors for the drastic dip in population. This paper, based on secondary data, aims to provide a concise summary of the current status, growth rate, distribution patterns, and factors leading to the decline in the population of working equines in India. Tabular presentations and graphical representations have been utilized for easy analysis and comparison of population trends across different years.

Avian species reproduce sexually by the fusion of male and female gamete spermatogonia and oogonia-produced by differentiated testes and ovaries. Fertilization is internal and all birds are oviparous. Reproduction in birds entirely varies from other animals. The two essential reproductive organs ere the ovary and oviduct which were involved in the synthesis of egg in adult laying hen. Gross and morphometrical studies were carried out on the female reproductive tract in twelve Siruvidai chicken of which six at laying phase and six at broodiness phase. The birds were reared in Poultry Research Station, Madhavaram, Chennai-51. In laying phase, the left ovary showed mature ovarian follicles whereas the ovary during broodiness phase was in the form of a bunch of grapes with no hierarchical follicles. There was no significant difference in the body weight of the bird during laying and broodiness. The mean length, weight and width of ovary and oviduct had a highly significant difference during laying and broodiness phase. Gross morphology revealed that only the left female reproductive tract was well-developed both during laying and broodiness phase and the morphometric data analyzed will provide a baseline for subsequent studies and also for comparison with other avian species.

The study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of digital planimetry apps for wound measurement in dogs. Twenty four clinical cases of dogs with the history of wound presented for wound management were randomly divided into four groups consisting of six animals each and wound measurements were taken on 0, 2, 4 and 7th day. The wound was measured with length, breadth, area and circumference using Imito Measure mobile application through smart phone camera. Based on reduction in wound size healing rate was assessed. Digital planimetry applications are accurate and precise in wound measurement compare to standard ruler method and tracing method.

The calves presented with abdominal affections requiring surgical interventions were randomly divided into group I and group II with seven animals in each group.  All the animals were premedicated with dexmedetomidine at 2 µg/kg body weight, pentazocine at 1 mg/kg body weight and midazolam at 0.2 mg/kg body weight intravenously. In group I and group II, anaesthetic induction was carried out with propofol at 2 mg/kg body weight and etomidate at 0.25 mg/kg body weight intravenously, respectively. Both the groups were maintained in Isoflurane anaesthesia with modified oro-endotracheal tube. The cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were monitored during different stages of anaesthesia in both the groups. In both the groups, a significant decrease in heart rate was noticed after premedication and anaesthetic induction. A Significant increase was noticed in systolic blood pressure values after anaesthetic induction and 10th minute of anaesthesia in group I and a highly significant increase was noticed after induction up to 10 minutes in group II.  A highly significant increase in diastolic blood pressure was noticed after induction and 10th minute in group I, whereas significant increase was noticed in mean arterial pressure after induction and 15th minute of anaesthesia in group II animals. The cardiovascular parameters recorded in the present study concluded etomidate produced better cardiovascular stability and minimal respiratory depression compared to propofol throughout the anaesthetic period.

A three-month-old female New Zealand White Rabbit, weighing about 1.4 kg was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with ahistory of intense pruritis and alopecia all over the body. Clinical observation revealed crusty lesions on the nose,ear margin and toes. Microscopic examination of the deep skin scraping revealed the presence of Psoroptes cuniculi mite. The rabbit was treated with an injection Ivermectin @ 0.4 mg/kg sub-cutaneous and an injection of Chlorpheniramine maleate @ 0.4 mg/kg intramuscular and further advised the owner to give HITEK® oral solution (Ivermectin) @ 0.4 mg/kg PO once a week and Benzyl benzoate I.P. solution topically daily for a continuous period of one month along with multivitamin supplementation (Multistar pet®) @ 2 ml PO BID. The rabbit recovered successfully without any drug side effects (Tandem usage of ivermectin and Benzyl Benzoate).

The present study was aimed to know the chronic hepatitis with abdominal effusion in a beagle dog and its therapeutic management. A 2.5 year old male beagle was presented to Madras Veterinary College teaching Hospital, madras veterinary college, Chennai with the history of inappetence, abdominal distension for past 10 days and the clinical signs of inappetence, fever and palpablelymph node and congested mucous membrane. On Physical examination, dog showed respiratory distress and dull. Dog was subjected for radiography examination, haematology, biochemistry parameters and ultrasound examination. On first day of examination, dog was treated with Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg body weight, antibiotics and Tribivet injection. Hematology and biochemical values revealed neutrophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and decreased total protein and albumin. The lateral view radiography of abdomen revealed fluid shadow and ultrasound examination revealed that chronic hepatitis with moderate abdominal effusion. In case of clinical suspicion of hepatitis an ultrasonographic liver scan can be of diagnostic aid and the finding of an altered structure can be indicative of a liver problem. In many cases of chronic hepatitis may not be associated with ultrasound abnormalities but ascites can be easily identified. Dog was treated with antibiotic cefotaxime at the dose rate of 25 mg/Kg body weight and Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/Kg body weight with liver supplement of Lysibin which contain silymarin and supplement with Astymin syrup for 3 weeks. The animal was reviewed after three weeks of treatment which was subjected for haeamtology, biochemistry and ultrasound examination which revealed there was improvement in the blood parameters with decreased total protein and normal level of Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin level and ultrasound examination revealed normal study of abdominal effusion and liver echogenicity and dog had normal  appetite and normal  vital parameters. In this case hepatitis may be due to any viral etiology like adenovirus that may cause hepatitis with effusion that may be respond to treatment and diuretics and brought normal parameters of vital in dog. Chronic hepatitis with effusion may be further confirmed by Liver biopsy and molecular diagnosis.