BACKGROUND: The Eustachian tube is an osteocartilaginous channel connecting the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx. There is no anatomical and histological research performed on this organ in buffalo. OBJECTIVES: Anatomical and histological study of Eustachian tube in buffalo will be useful for basic knowledge of this organ. METHODS: For this study 8 adult male and female buffalo's head were provided from slaughter house and their Eustachian tube were studied anatomically, then tissue samples were obtained and paraffin sections were prepared for using of staining methods such as H&E (for general study), Verhoff (for elastic fibers), PAS (for carbohydrates) and Masson's Trichrome Stainning Kit (for collagen fibers). RESULTS: Anatomical results showed Eustachian tube was white and funnel- like tube, no curve and structurally supported by cartilage and in both sexes they had the same structure. Histological and Histochemical results showed the epithelium of Eustachian tube in buffalo is pseudostratified ciliated columnar and in some regions of the Eustachian tube epithelium was stratified squamous. In the first portion of Eustachian tube cartilage was elastic and then eustachian tube cartilage was hyaline. The glands of Eustachian tube in buffalo were mucous and non folicular tubal tonsil could be found around the pharyngeal opening with obviously lymphoid tissue. CONCLUSIONS:. The results of this research can be used as the basic anatomical and Histological knowledge in buffalo..

AbstractAbstractBACKGROUND: The vegetables with high amount of Nitrate have a lot of detrimental effects on the human and animal health. The high amount of Nitrate results in some diseases such as Stomach cancer, Leukemia, cancer of the lymphatic nodes or NHL (Non-Hodgkin lymphoma), blue body syndrome, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal diseases in human. Since 80% of Nitrate enters the human body by vegetables the measurement of Nitrate and the investigation of affecting factors on its accumulation in vegetables are of crucial importance especially at areas with high consumption of vegetables. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present study were monitoring the Nitrate amount in green cucumber and the most effective factors on it. METHODS: Overally, 210 samples were collected and analyzed from different farmlands of Jiroft city during one sowing season. The Nitrate content of the samples was measured by Salicylic acid and spectrophotometry method. RESULTS: The results showed that the average of Nitrate content in the collected samples is 112.12 mg/wet kg and 29 samples (13% out of 210 samples) have Nitrate concentration higher than standard level. Moreover, it was revealed that the factors such as type of planting, irrigation, soil, fertilizer, harvest season, age of sample, temperature, weather, sampling location in the farm, distance between bushes, weeds and farmer financial status have direct influence on the Nitrate content of the green cucumber in Jiroft area. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that different factors are affecting on the Nitrate accumulation in the cucumber and a healthy product with standard Nitrate content can be produced by considering the studied factors in this work.

AbstractBACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal nematodes causing digestive problems, anemia and weight loss in sheep and goat. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to introduce FAMACHA test and usage of it for early detection of infected animals with gastrointestinal nematodes (especially Haemonchus contortus) to reducing of treated sheep population with anthelmintic drug and selection of resistant animals. METHODS: In this study 120 Ghezel sheep breed lambs were used in age of 4 to 6 months. The lambs were chosen randomly from 6 different grazing flocks with 20 lambs in each of them. Sampling and FAMACHA test scoring was carried out in 2014. Blood samples was collected for calculating of packed cell volume percent and fecal sampling was collected for counting of egg per each grams of fecal and body weight was investigate. The sampling was carried out 2 times with a week apart. RESULTS: Results showed that the effects of FAMACHA, flocks and interaction between them on parasite eggs per gram of fecal was significant (p<0.01) and also the effect of FAMACHA on the percentage of packed cells volume was significant (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that the FAMACHA test scoring could be used as a synergetic and alternative method to early diagnosis of infestation to blood sucking nematodes and prevention of new cases of drug resistant and selection of resistant animals in Iran.Key words: FAMACHA test, Haemonchus contorts parasite, Haemonchosis, sheep

BACHGROUND: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder. Despite discovery of effective antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), more than 30% of patients are still resistant to AEDs. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation the effect of acute administration of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mice resistant to antiepileptic drugs in 6Hz model of epilepsy. METHODS: at first we evaluted intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v) injection and oral consumption of DHA alone and intrapritoneal (i.p.) injection of drugs in separate groups. In test groups LTG 25mg/kg or PHT 25mg/kg were injected i.p. 105 min after injection of PHT, 45 min after injection of LTG, DHA (1mM) was injected i.c.v. In control groups drugs solvent or DHA solvent was injected DHA. 15 min after injection of DHA or DHA solvent, in all groups 6 Hz stimulation was exerted and occurrence of limbic seizures was registered. In oral test groups PHT 25mg/kg or LTG 25mg/kg were injected i.p. 60 min after injection of PHT and simultaneous injection of LTG, DHA (0.1 ml) was gavaged. 60 minutes after injection of DHA 6 Hz stimulation was exerted. RESULTS: Acute administration of DHA alone via i.c.v injection or oral gavage had no protective effect on inhibiting seizures. Administration of DHA with LTG or PHT also couldn’t inhibit drug resistance. 6-Hz seizures when administered chronically. However, chronically administered DHA inhibited limbic seizures resistant to LTG and PHT. CONCLUSIONS: Acute administration of DHA couldn’t inhibits resistance to LTG and phenytoin in 6-Hz model of epilepsy. Also consumption of single dose of DHA with anticonvulsant drugs don’t have any effect on prevention of drug resistance in epileptic patients.

Backgrounds: Trueperella pyogenes is one of the most important pathogens of cattle cutaneous abscess which can cause many economic damages in livestock’s industry. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate on T.pyogenes as an opportunistic pathogen in vast ranges of domestic and wild animals. Methods and materials: 134 samples were collected from 15 cattle farms in Tehran’s province. The pathogens bacteria were isolated and were identified initially by their colony morphology and biochemical characteristics. In addition, using routine biochemical techniques and Molecular tests for detection of T. pyogenes strains. Susceptibility of T. pyogenes strains to antibiotics was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Results: The bacterial species isolated from 314 cutaneous abscess studied were 10 geniuses of pathogen bacteria. T. pyogenes was the pioneer pathogen among other these. According to biochemical and CAMP test, nine biotypes of T. pyogenes is detected. All T. pyogenes isolates (9 biotypes) were positive for the PCR test. The highest percentage of T. pyogenes isolates was susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and high resistance rates were observed for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusions: Although T. pyogenes is considered normal floral bacteria in varied organs in domestic animals, it could turn into a primary and secondary pathogen and consequently cause several complications. Nevertheless, the synergistic effect between T. pyogenes and other bacteria should also be accounted for.in addition, the economic losses of this pathogen and zoonotic concerns in immunosuppressive patients are very important.

BACKGROUND: Poultry production in houses and high stocking density, results in                increase in mortality because of different diseases. Objectives: Investigating the effective managerial and environmental factors on mortality in industrialized poultry farms, proportion of each factor and ranking farms based on mortality risk to solve some problems of Iran’s poultry farm insurance. Methods: Samples were taken from 47 broiler, 20 layer and 30 broiler breeder farms of 16 Iranian provinces which were selected based on geographical location, climate and outbreaks of diseases. House characteristics were evaluated by precision measurement. Parameters such as heat exchange, light intensity, atmospheric conditions (inside oxygen and ammonia concentration, acidity and moisture of litter) and quality of equipment (ventilator capacity, heating &amp; cooling systems) were measured. Based on collected data,  managerial index was defined and calculated. Parameters related to sanitary condition, birds’ health and immunization were measured by blood anti body titer. A total of 97 poultry farms were included in the investigation and 27231 measurement data were recorded. Results: Average mortality in broiler, layer and breeder farms was 15.4, 11.2 per period and 1.9% per month, respectively. According to stepwise minimum Wilk’s Lambda discriminant regression, the highest standardized coefficient belonged to vaccine accomplishment (VA) followed by house ventilator capacity (VM), immunization against avian influenza (AIG), farm biosecurity (SHOW), drinker type (DRIN), precipitation rate (RAIN) and temperature management index (TMI): Mortality Risk(0,1)=-2.622+1.533 VA-1.135 SHOW+0.739 AIG+0.551 DRIN-0.016 VM+0.003 RAIN+0.002TMI. Main variables of models which were fitted to layer and broiler breeder flocks were health and ventilation. Conclusions: 6 managerial and environmental factors, immunization of flock against diseases, farm biosecurity and house ventilation had the greatest impact on ranking the mortality risk.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease of poultry and a major cause of economic losses due to decline in growth, egg production, reduction in egg hatching and exacerbation of viral and bacterial respiratory diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was detection of serological prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler breeders of Mazandaran province and to suggest control strategies against mycoplasmosis. Methods: All breeder farms that were in production period in Mazandaran province were sampled (74 farms in 14 cities); blood samples were collected from 45 birds in each farm. Sera samples were examined by RSPA and ELISA tests based on the instructions of OIE. Results: In this study, by the RSPA test, 3 out of 74 farms (4%), 15 out of 553 houses (2/7%) were positive. From 5626 collected sera samples, 139 samples (2.5%) were positive in RSPA and 124 samples (2.2%) in ELISA. Conclusions: Seroprevalence of MG infection was 4% during the selected period and zone of study.  Statistical analysis showed that biosecurity situations were significantly better in negative farms (p=0.04). There are some deficiencies in quality of biosecurity situations despite  implementing biosecurity principles in farms. Establishing of farms near villages or the development  of villages, keeping backyard birds close to the farms and employees living in villages are some of the  biosecurity principles that were not followed in infected farms.

BACKGROUND: Food infections caused by Campylobacter are one of the gastrointestinal inflammations in humans is health and economic losses in the community is important. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter contamination in chicken skin samples of Urmia, using bacterial culture and polymerase chain reactions.                 METHODS: 80 samples of chicken skin from the Protein Gostare Sina slaughter house located in the city of Urmia in equal numbers in the winter and spring seasons were collected. The survival of Campylobacter after 24 hours in refrigerated conditions  was studied in samples. Positive samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. To investigate the phylogenetic isolates, positive samples PCR were sequenced. RESULTS: 58/75% of chicken skin using bacterial cultures, Campylobacter were positive. The Results study the survival Campylobacter in cold conditions after 24 hours, showed that no significant decrease in the survival Campylobacter as well as contamination levels were significantly higher in spring than in winter, which may be due to the high temperature of environment that created the favorable conditions for Campylobacter. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken skin is the reservoir  of Campylobacter. This issue of public health care and control at all stages of production and supply of poultry products, also the transfer of it to other parts of poultry carcasses should be considered.

BACKGROUND: Based on the information no research has been done on the identification and isolation of anaerobic fungi in the Baloochi sheep’s rumen in the dry climate up to now. Objectives: The purpose of this research was the separation and study of the appearance morphology of anaerobic fungi in the Baloochi sheep’s rumen in Sistan region. Methods: The semi-defined medium environment was used in this research for cultivation, separation and purification of anaerobic fungi. Sampling from the solid and liquid contents of 50 Baloochi sheep was done randomly in Zabol slaughterhouse and these samples were used as the source of fungus to inoculation to culture. The roll bottle method was used for purification of rumen fungi. The antibiotic solutions (ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol) were used for inhibiting growth of bacteria. Samples of pure fungi were transferred to culture and were observed after growth in glass slide with light microscope. The separated fungi were all monocentric and had rhizoid. Results: With regard to morphologic characteristics the genera of Neocallimastix and Piromyces and species of Piromyces communis, Piromyces minutus, Piromyces rhizinflata, Caecomyces communis was isolated in rumen of Baloochi sheep. Conclusions: With identification of these fungi species in rumen of Baloochi sheep, it is recommended to perform molecular test and enzyme extraction for further survey of characteristics in future research.

BACKGROUND: Indigenous chickens could serve as precious genetic resources that should be considered in conservation and breeding programs. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has a strong association to disease resistance/susceptibility, production and reproduction traits in chicken. Therefore, identifying its polymorphism in populations under selective breeding could be used for selection of disease resistant and higher productive breeds. MHC association with quantitative traits could be  a result of its linkage with causative genes controlling these traits. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a candidate marker for phenotypic traits in chicken which are associated with important production and reproduction features. Objectives: Based on this hypothesis, MHC polymorphism and its association to IGF1 gene (as a marker for production traits) were investigated in Khorasan indigenous chicken. Methods: In total, 313 DNA samples that belonged to the Khorasan indigenous chicken were analyzed. LEI0258 microsatellite marker and fragment analysis method was used for MHC genotyping. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the IGF1 5’-UTR was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PstI restriction endonuclease enzyme. Linkage disequilibrium between MHC and IGF1 loci were also determined using SAS/Genetics software and likelihood ratio test. Results: Collectively, 25 different alleles (185-493 bp) and 76 genotypes of LEI0258 microsatellite were identified in Khorasan population. Two alleles, A (PstI -) and B (PstI +) and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were identified for IGF1 gene. Significant linkage disequilibrium (p=0.0083) was observed between LEI0258 and IGF1 loci in this population. Conclusions: These results indicate a high MHC genetic diversity in Khorasan indigenous chicken as a valuable genetic resource. Results from MHC/IGF1 linkage study confirm the hypothesis that MHC association with production traits could be as a result of MHC linkage with causative genes controlling the traits.