The present study analyzes the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against diazinon (DZN)-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups with six animals in each group: Group 1 (G1) was maintained in typical control circumstances and given saline once daily intragastric (IG) for 4 weeks; G2 was administered 0.1 mL olive oil IG for 4 weeks; G3 was administered IG NAC 150 mg/kg daily as an aqueous solution for 4 weeks; G4 was administered IG diazinon at a dose of 15 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks; and G5 was administered IG NAC daily one hour before diazinon at the same dose in G3 and G4 for 4 weeks. Sub-chronic exposure to DZN impairs the kidney structure and function, as evidenced by the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of NLRP3, NFκB, IKB, BCL2, BAX mRNA. Our findings showed that NAC reduces the renal dysfunctions induced by DZN by restoring urea and creatinine levels as well as oxidative indicators. Moreover, serum inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) concentrations were ameliorated by NAC treatment. However, NAC has shown to play a beneficial role against nephrotoxicity by reversing the cytoarchitecture and downregulation of inflammatory (NLRP3, NFκB, IKB) and apoptotic (BAX) as well as upregulated BCL2 genes and proteins in kidney tissues, bringing them to near-normal levels. Moreover, IHC examination of renal tissue revealed the attenuation of expression of TNF-α. Therefore, NAC could be potentially used to protect the kidneys from pathological changes induced by DZN.

The anti-fungal activity of Acanthophora spicifera-synthetized silver nanoparticles (AS-AgNPs) was tested in vitro against S. australis. In vivo, 160 Oreochromis niloticus (25 ± 0.57 grams) were separated into 4 groups; group 1 and group 2 received 0 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L AS-AgNPs, respectively, and were not exposed to S. australis. Group 3 and group 4 were experimentally infected with S. australis and imperiled to 0 and 0.9 mg/L AS-AgNPs for 96 hours, respectively. At all levels, survival rates, non-specific immune indices, antioxidant activities, and expression analysis of IL-8 and TNF-α genes in the anterior kidneys were estimated. Moreover, histopathological pictures of the skin and underlying musculature were investigated. Results showed that AS-AgNPs produced an inhibitory zone with a diameter of around 12 millimeters. A significant survival rate (72.50%) accompanied by marked non-specific immune responses and antioxidant activities was recorded in the infected-treated group. The histopathological picture of the skin and underlying musculature of diseased fish (group 3) exhibited degenerative changes in the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin and the myocytes. Intriguingly, infected fish treated with AS-AgNPs (group 4) showed normal histological structures of the skin and underlying musculature. Based on these findings, AS-AgNPs have a curative outcome against the destructive effects of S. australis infection and are a potential option for the control of S. australis infection in aquaculture.

Several new topical products have been applied to enhance wound healing and reduce scar formation. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the topically applied hyaluronic acid (HA) serum and chitosan (CH) gel for skin wound healing in dogs. Ten adult mongrel dogs were divided into two groups (n = 5 for each). Experimental skin wounds were created in all animals. Eight full-thickness round skin wounds of 2 cm diameter were made on both sides (four for each side) over the dog's dorsal area, where the left side wounds were kept as a control and treated with saline solution only. HA serum and CH gel were used to treat the right-side wounds in the first and second groups, respectively. Wound healing was evaluated clinically and histologically at the 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-treatment. In addition, the tensile strength was measured in both treated wound groups and compared with the control wounds and the normal skin. The results showed that HA-treated wounds exhibited higher wound contraction and better tensile strength compared with CH-treated group. In addition, the histological findings of HA-treated wounds showed marked improvement in histological repair scores compared with CH-treated ones. We concluded that topical HA in a serum formulation provided better skin wound healing compared to CH-treated group.

An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of various concentrations of nanoselenium (NS) on the growth performance, immune status, antioxidant activity and hematological parameters of ducks. A total of 40 (1 day old) Pekin ducklings were equally divided into groups of 10 ducklings each. The 1st group was considered a control and was fed basal diet ad-libitum without nanoselenium (NS) supplementation; 2nd group (fed basal diet + 0.2 mg NS/kg diet); 3rd group (fed basal diet + 0.4 mg NS/kg diet) and 4th group (fed basal diet + 0.6 mg NS/kg diet). The selenium content of the unsupplemented control diet was 0.09 mg/kg during the starter period (0-2 weeks) and 0.07 mg/kg during the grower-finisher period (2-10 weeks). All feeds were formulated according to NRC (1994) to meet the nutritional needs of growing ducks. The experiment was extended for 10 weeks. Growth performance parameters such as body weight development, weight gain, feed consumption, feed-to-gain ratio, performance index and mortality were recorded. At the end of experiment, three randomly selected ducks from each group were selected to assess immune status, antioxidant activity, and blood biochemical parameters. The results showed that ducks fed on diets supplemented with different levels of nanoselenium had significantly higher body weight and weight gain (P<0.05) and consumed less feed than ducks fed the control diet. The third group had the highest body weight and weight gain and the lowest feed intake, followed by the second and fourth groups respectively. The NS supplemented birds had no mortality throughout the experimental period compared with control group which recorded highest mortality rate (20%). Different levels of NS supplementation improved the feed conversion ratio and performance index, the best values was achieved in 3rd group followed by 2nd and 4th groups, respectively. Addition of NS to duck diets significantly (P˂0.05) increased the serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, but decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to control. Concerning blood picture, NS supplementation significantly increased white blood cell and lymphocytic counts (P<0.05). However, no significant differences in other hematological parameters between tested groups. In conclusion, the present study found that supplementing duck diets with nano-selenium improved growth performance parameters, immune status, antioxidant activity, blood picture and 0.2-0.4 mg/kg is considered the optimum nano-Se supplementation level, and the maximum nano-Se supplementation level for ducks should not exceed 0.6 mg/kg.

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a non-infectious hemolytic metabolic disorder of buffalo and cattle characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and hemoglobinuria. It may be highly fatal, if not diagnosed rapidly and treated promptly. The present study determines the clinical and biochemical alterations as well as, the risk factors associated with PPH in buffalo in Egypt. Sixty-eight buffalo displaying symptoms of hemoglobinuria, along with 24 healthy buffalo for comparison were involved. Each animal participating in the study underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, and blood and urine samples were collected for further analysis. A questionnaire was designed for the hypothesized risk factors. To determine the risk factors at the animal level, the logistic regression model was utilized. Clinically, PPH-affected buffalo had much lower ruminant movements than healthy ones, meanwhile their respiratory and pulse rates dramatically increased. The serum levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed a significant decrease in PPH-affected buffalo (p<0.05), whereas potassium (K), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and glucose serum levels all demonstrated a significant increase. (p<0.05) In the final logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors, there was a significant correlation between PPH and parity ≥4 (P = 0.036, OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.09-12.96), hypophosphatemia (P = 0.003, OR: 5.55, 95% CI: 1.78-17.27), and hypocalcaemia (P = 0.044, OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.03-11.15), on the animal level. In conclusion, PPH–affected buffalo may demonstrate several biochemical changes, as well as the identification of PPH-associated risk factors may provide a useful approach for the prevention and control of PPH in buffalo.

Chicken meat and meat products are considered as significant sources of high quality animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Besides, chicken meat is regarded as alternative cheap source of protein compared with the red meat. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with a vast array of microorganisms, and subsequently it can be implicated in many biological hazards such as bacterial food poisoning.  The latter can be divided into bacterial foodborne infections including E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Shiegella spp., and Yersinia spp. Bacterial foodborne intoxication including Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium botulinum. The third class of the bacterial food poisoning is foodborne toxicoinfection which involves Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. This review threw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with some bacterial hazards in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such hazards was also discussed.

Parallel with professional skills, verbal and non-verbal communication should be mastered by veterinarians in order to improve the quality of the “veterinarian-owner-patient” relationship. Non-verbal communication implies facial expressions and attitude, but professional’s attire can be an influencing factor as well. The effect that veterinarian self-presentation has on clients’ perceptions of veterinarians was not investigated previously in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the perception of animal owners from B&H regarding veterinarians’ verbal and nonverbal communication skills, presentation on social media and professional attire. The questionnaire was compiled in Google form and consisted of an introduction and 13 questions followed by an explanation. A total of 648 clients participated in the survey between February and April 2023. Obtained data were processed in Microsoft Excel using descriptive statistics. Results of our survey indicate that veterinarians’ attire, along with verbal communication, plays a significant role in gaining trust and comfort from animal owners in B&H. Given that it is currently not present, we recommend inclusion of verbal and non-verbal communication skills as a mandatory subject or module in the undergraduate study curriculum of veterinary medicine in B&H.

The postpartum period is one of the most important moments in a female's life. During this period caused by pregnancy and childbirth involutional changes in the reproductive system and the body as a whole occurs, which plays a crucial role in restoring reproductive function and milk productivity of cows. In this regard, the puerperium is the basis for structural and functional disorders in individual organs and systems, the disposition for the development of pathological processes and the negative impact on the reproduction of the herd, impaired fertility, calf yield and milk productivity. Diseases during the postpartum period in cows have species and age polymorbidity, specific in highly productive animals and first-borns and are especially common in hypovitaminosis and trace elements. Their occurrence is associated with unsatisfactory conditions for keeping and feeding cattle, mainly in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods of the year, especially during the stable keeping of cows. The pathogenesis is based on metabolic disorders and endocrine dysfunctions with a decrease in the body's resistance, which is complicated by the action of adverse environmental factors. Puerperal pathologies are quite common and described in the literature as individual diseases, but limited ‒ by their combination (co-, poly- and multimorbidity, multiorgan failure, multiple, complex, combined and concomitant pathology, associated and multifactorial diseases or polypathy). Options of combining postpartum pathologies are diverse with the involvement of metro- and ovariopathies, udder diseases, fallopian tubes and metabolism in the form of inflammatory processes and dysfunctions. The hypogonadism development on the background of chronic metritis, or endometritis complicated by ovarian dysfunction, or subclinical chronic endometritis with hypoluteolysis, salpingo-oophoritis and salpingitis is widespread. Postpartum inflammatory processes in the genitals are the cause of prolonged symptomatic infertility and are often registered in the form of acute endometritis in combination with inflammatory processes of other genitals. For example, inflammation of the endometrium in many cases is accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membrane of other parts of the genitals ‒ cervicitis, vaginitis, vestibulitis. Quite often the simultaneous course of inflammatory processes in the genitals and udder of cows, as well as pathologies of the uterus and ovaries are registered. Thus, one of the most common combined pathologies of the postpartum period in cows is acute subinvolution of the uterus with acute metritis. As a result, it should be noted that in the case of organ pathology, a combination in the form of hypogonadism-metritis, hypocalcemia-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis, retained placenta-metritis, ketosis-hypoluteolysis, ketosis-metritis, mastitis-metritis and uterine subinvolution-metritis, and of multiorgans – vaginitis-vestibulitis-metritis-subinvolution of the uterus-cervicitis, vaginitis-metritis-cervicitis, hypocalcemia-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis-salpingitis-salpingo-oophoritis, retained placenta-mastitis-metritis, ketosis-mastitis-metritis.

This study investigates the effects of Aspergillus meal prebiotic on a spectrum of parameters, including productive performance, bone mineralization, and intestinal integrity, in broiler chickens. Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 by-product male chicks (320 total) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (G1 and G2) in floor pens (150×300 cm), each pen containing separate feeders and watering systems (8 replicates per treatment, 20 birds/pen). Chickens kept in G1 (control) were fed a basal diet, while those of G2 (treated) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.2% PRI-A-FERM. Performance parameters, including body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were evaluated weekly from the 7th day to the end of the trial at 42 d. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) was administered via oral gavage to 3 chickens/replicate (n = 24), and blood was collected on 21d and on 42d to determine serum concentration of FITC-d as a biomarker to evaluate intestinal permeability and peptide YY as an indirect biomarker to evaluate short chain fatty acids. Chickens that received the \\textit{Aspergillus} meal prebiotic showed a significant increase in BW, BWG, and FI on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 (P

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) and infects goats, sheep, and wild ruminants. CCPP is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates reaching up to (100% and 80%), respectively. The disease affects goat farming around the globe in more than 30 countries, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. CCPP is manifested in peracute, acute, or chronic forms. The general characteristic clinical signs of the disease are rapid, painful, and labored respiration, dyspnea, nasal discharge, coughing, hyperthermia (41&#xb0;C), anorexia, emaciation, and abnormal posture. Lesions induced by CCPP are restricted to the pleural cavity in the form of unilateral serofibrinous, pleuropneumonia, accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity, lung congestion, hepatization, formation of adhesion to the pleural coastal, and swollen mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes. Disease diagnosis encompasses a range of methods, including bacterial culture, isolation, and identification, pathological, serological, and molecular tests. The present review provides an overview of the historical perspective, epidemiological factors, and recommended diagnostic and control strategies for CCPP in Oman.