Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in broiler chicken feed poses significant risks to animal health and food safety. This study aimed to assess OTA contamination levels in broiler feed samples collected from broiler farms in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, over four years (2020–2023). A total of 292 feed samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify OTA concentrations. The results revealed a high prevalence of OTA contamination across all years, with 86.8%, 93.8%, 100%, and 96.9% of samples testing positive in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. The mean OTA concentration showed a declining trend, from 2.615 µg/kg in 2020 to 0.8396 µg/kg in 2023. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant reduction in OTA levels over the years (p < 0.05), indicating improvements in feed safety management. However, variability in OTA concentrations remained high, emphasizing the need for stringent monitoring and preventive measures. The persistence of OTA in poultry feed highlights potential risks for animal health and its possible transfer to poultry products, raising public health concerns. These findings highlight the necessity of continuous surveillance, improved storage practices, and effective detoxification strategies to mitigate OTA contamination in broiler feed. Future studies should employ HPLC for more accurate OTA quantification, as ELISA, while efficient, may cross-react with other metabolites.

This research aimed to study the effect of Lepidium sativum (LS) seed extract and to compare between it and GnRH in treating inactive ovaries in cows by gene expression, the study was conducted on 27 lactating anestrus crossbreed cows, aged between 3-5years in Al-Thahab Al-Abiad village / Abu-Ghriab/ Baghdad province during June 2020-July 2021. These animals were suffered from ovarian inactivity after 60-90 days postpartum. These dairy cows were randomly separated in to three equal groups. (9cows on each). The 1st group treated by injected IM with 0.021mg/animal GnRH (5ml), the 2nd group treated with Lepidium sativum 25mg/orally/ for 10days (250mg/animal), the 3rd group left without treatment. Reproductive parameters included animal response, period of response, services number /conceptions, rate of pregnancy and days open. The results revealed that animal response was 7(77.7%), 6(66.6%) and 3(33.3%) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd group respectively with significantly increase (P<0.01) for the 1st (GnRH treated group) and 2nd (LS treated group) in compare with the 3rd group (control) , the duration of response recorded 6.36±1.24, 13.72±2.45 and 87.2±0.1in the three groups respectively recording superior significantly (P<0.01) for treatment groups (G1 , G2) when compare with the control group (G3) and for G1 compared with G2, Pregnancy rate was 85.7%, 83.3% and 66.6% and days open recorded 106.35±5.47, 114.26±6.52 and 187.40±0.0 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd group respectively which was high significant in (P<0.01) in treatment groups in comparative with control group. We concluded that LS seed extract was effective in cows

Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), commonly used possess a comprehensive range of antimicrobial action. The goal was to test the health properties of Saudi garlic to eliminate the gut pathogenic microbes. Methodology was included the collection of Saudi garlic, were prepared the extracts, and were tested the pathogenic microbes cause gastrointestinal infections. The results showed the first score was included Staphylococcus aureus was eliminated with the boil extract within twenty-four hours, and within forty-eight hours it was eliminated with the hot extract. The second score was included Shigella dysentery, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli were eliminated within forty-eight hours by the hot and boil extract. The third score was included Closterdium sp., Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella enteritica were eliminated with the presence of some little colonies. The fourth score was included Candida sp., Aspergillus sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces services were partially eliminated. It was decided that the active substances in Saudi garlic were capable of eliminating pathogenic microbes cause gastrointestinal infections. It was suggested that the pharmacy department be active in determining the permissible quantity of Saudi garlic for an individual to use according to his health condition.

Drug and chemical substances are common causes of liver dysfunction, including acute hepatitis and liver failure. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used as a model to study hepatic toxicity. Nanosilymarin (S-CsNPs), with its antioxidant properties, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for liver injury. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of (S-CsNPs) on hepatotoxicity. The study involved 30 adult female albino rats, randomly divided into five groups. The first group served as the negative control and received no treatment. The second group received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally at a dose of 3 mL/kg twice weekly for four weeks. The third group was the untreated group, which also received CCl4 as described but did not receive any subsequent treatment. The fourth group was treated with silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, administered orally once daily for three weeks following CCl4 exposure. The fifth group received (S-CsNPs) at a dose of 0.2 mg/rat, administered orally once daily for three weeks after CCl4 administration. Liver function was assessed via enzyme markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and bilirubin), and oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring TNF-α, MDA, SOD, and GSH levels. The CCl4 group showed significant elevations in liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers compared to negative controls. Treatment with (S-CsNPs) significantly(P<0.05) reduced ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, TNF-α, and MDA levels, while increasing SOD and GSH levels compared to CCl4, untreated and silymarin-treated groups. Nanosilymarin effectively reduced CCl4-induced liver damage, indicating its potential as a liver-protective agent

Maggots are one of the fly larvae with a high protein content of up to 30-45%, so maggots can be used as an alternative animal feed ingredient. As one of the sources of animal feed raw materials, insects-based feed must also be safe from contaminants of microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and determine the screening of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria from maggots' digestive systems. Maggots are cultivated on media based on animal faecal and organic waste for 2 months. Then, the bacteria are isolated and purified using nutrient agar media, and hemolysis tests are carried out on blood agar media and Gram staining. Eighty-seven bacterial colonies with various morphological characteristics were successfully isolated from the maggot digestive system. Most isolated bacteria are classified as Gram-negative bacteria with a bacilli form. Based on the results of the hemolysis test, as many as 16% of bacterial isolates are indicated by pathogenic bacteria because of their ability to hemolyze blood. However, only about 2% showed b-hemolysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the screening results of non-pathogenic bacteria are still more numerous compared to pathogenic bacteria present in the maggot digestive system.

Dadih is a traditional food product that is produced by storing buffalo milk in bamboo tubes and left for 2-3 days. During the process of making Dadih, milk ferments into Dadih in a bamboo tube. The aim of this research is to determine the quality of buffalo Dadih from pH values, acidity degrees, and total bacterial colonies with different storage durations and temperatures. This research used 12 bamboo tubes with two treatments and three repetitions. This research used a laboratory experimental method with a 2x3 factorial pattern. This research showed that the highest room and refrigerator pH values were found in the first week, with an average of 7.13 0.15 and 7.9 0.1. The highest acidity degree values from room temperature and refrigerator were in the third week, with 359.47 16.95 and 254.03 6.34. Another finding was that the highest total bacterial colonies at room temperature and in the refrigerator were in the third week, with 3.33 0.89 and 2.8 0.76. It can be concluded that the buffalo Dadih from Gayo has a pH value and a total value of bacterial colonies that meet SNI standards. Meanwhile, the total titrated acid in Dadih does not yet have an SNI standard.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and endocrinopathy characterized by hyperglycemia or a persistent increase in blood glucose levels. This case describes a male domestic cat exhibiting symptoms of vomiting, loss of appetite, and yellowish discoloration of the ears and oral mucosa, which was diagnosed with DM and hepatic-biliary disorders based on serum biochemistry and ultrasonographic examinations. The treatment included insulin injections, antibiotics, antiemetics, a liver supplement, and a specialized diabetic diet. After 14 days of insulin injection and a diabetic diet, the cats blood glucose levels returned to normal. A diabetic diet will be provided for the cat throughout its lifetime.

Background and Aim: Guinea fowls are known for their low reproductive efficiency under natural mating conditions, which limits their potential for intensive production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of Guinea fowls as a strategy to enhance fertility and hatchability outcomes.Materials and Methods: A total of one hundred and fourteen (114) adult Guinea fowls were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. The first group consisted of Guinea fowls (GFs) naturally mated in a ratio of one (1) male to four females (4) in six replicates. In contrast, the second and third groups consisted of twenty-four (24) Guinea hens, artificially inseminated with 0.03 ml fresh undiluted Guinea cock semen and 0. l ml Guinea cock semen diluted (1:3) with Ringers lactate solution. Semen was collected once weekly from GCs trained for semen collection and used to artificially inseminate Guinea hens by the intra-vaginal method using a graduated 1ml syringe. Eggs were collected from the treatment groups from day two (2) to day seven (7) post-AI, processed, and then incubated. At the end of twenty-eight (28) days of incubation, the number of keets hatched per treatment group was counted. The unhatched eggs were broken open to determine infertile eggs and embryonic mortality.Results: The results from the study show that fertility (%), fertile hatchability (%), and total hatchability (%) were significantly higher in artificially inseminated Guinea fowls than in those naturally mated, while embryonic mortality was similar in all treatment groups.Conclusion: Artificial insemination improved Guinea fowl reproductive performance. It is recommended that artificial insemination be implemented as part of intensive Guinea production

Background and Aim: Malacca leaves are one of the medical plants that can be used in traditional medicine. Malacca leaves contain several active compounds that can be effective in inhibiting fungal growth. This study aims to investigate the inhibition of n-hexane Malacca leaves extract on Microsporum canis growth in vitro.Materials and Methods: The method used in this study is Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion with 5 treatments, namely P1 (25% Malacca leaves n-hexane extract), P2 (50% Malacca leaves n-hexane extract), P3 (75% Malacca leaves n-hexane extract), P4 (control (+): ketoconazole) and P5 (control (-): carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 1%) with 3 replications. The clear zone formed around the disc was measured using a caliper.Results : The results showed that there was no clear zone formed around the disks of the n-hexane extract of Malacca leaves. It can be concluded that the n-hexane extract of Malacca leaves could not inhibit the growth of Microsporum canis.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the n-hexane extract of Malacca leaves, at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, does not exhibit antifungal activity against Microsporum canis in vitro, as evidenced by the absence of inhibition zones. Therefore, n-hexane may not be an effective solvent for extracting antifungal compounds from Malacca leaves against this fungal species.

Background and Aim: The study was conducted in Pabentengang Village, Bajeng District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi 2020.Materials and Methods: The study used a survey method of 25 farmers, using questionnaires and interviews. The research location is agricultural land and the community's main business is agriculture and beef cattle. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed descriptively, quantitatively, and economically. The purpose of this paper is to determine the increase in the economic value for farmers through improving beef cattle business.Results: The results showed that the profit of farmers by "paro" or profit sharing was IDR. 4,262,500/farmer/year, and the R/C value was 1.3. The profit of farmers from fattening is IDR. 9,847,000/farmer/period with an R/C value of 1.2. The profit of farmers by producing calves through AI with Limousin semen is IDR. 7,250,000/farmer/year, the R/C value is 1.9. Government support and policies are needed regarding economic feasibility for the welfare of farmers, so that the sustainability of the beef cattle business can be maintained. The strategies that need to be implemented are not only related to the technical aspects of animal husbandry, but also the institutional and communication aspects that are needed in a mutually sustainable manner.Conclusion: Beef cattle business by paro or with profit sharing, producing calves through AI and fattening, is economically feasible to be re-cultivated.