Objective: In recent years, lead (Pb) has arisen as a foremost contaminant due to overpopulation, rapid industrialization, and expansion that could contaminate the human food chain. However, the correlation between the environmental contamination of Pb and its spatial transfer to the dairy products is still unmapped. In this paper, we intend to evaluate the concentration of environ¬mental Pb and its spatial distribution in dairy feed and products in Narayangonj, a highly polluted district of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 samples of soil, water, forage, and milk were collected from five upazilas (Narayangonj Sadar, Bondor, Rupgonj, Araihazar, and Sonargoan) of Narayangonj. The samples were digested by acid digestion, and Pb was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The bioconcentration factor of the samples was also calculated. Results: In this study, 25% of the soil, 20% of the water, 5% of the forage, and 2% of the milk samples contained Pb at a variable level. Among the environmental samples, the highest concen¬tration (2639 μg/kg) of Pb was detected in the soil, followed by in the water (0.0230.059 μg/ kg) and forage (0.0170.035 μg/kg). The contamination (0.0410.068 μg/kg) in the milk, however, was lower than the soil but higher than the water and forage. The concentration of Pb in all the samples was within a safer limit. None of the forage samples was the potential bioaccumulator. Conclusion: Although no linear correlation was established between the environmental samples, forage, and milk, the study identifies the potentials of the spatial distribution of Pb from the environment to the dairy feed and products. Therefore, feasible procedures should be adapted to cease the residue to the human food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 621-625]

Objective: Infertility caused by reproductive pathologies plays a significant role in animal breeding and could result in massive economic losses to livestock owners. Hence, this study was designed to allocate various pathological lesions in the female reproductive tract of she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in Egypt and isolate the causative agents associated with those pathologies. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 genitalia of adult nonpregnant she-camels aged between 6 and 15 years old were collected from three slaughterhouses at the Giza Governorate, Egypt, from August 2017 to August 2019. The uterus, cervix, and vagina were examined pathologically and microbiologically. Results: The uteri of 152 cases (30.4%), cervices of 24 cases (4.8%), and vaginae of 20 cases (4.2%) showed pathological abnormalities. The uterine inflammatory lesions were detected in 119 cases (23.8%), and the non-inflammatory lesions were detected in 58 cases (11.6%). Pathological changes of the cervix comprised 4.8%, whereas vaginal abnormalities represented 4%. The total microbial recovery rate was 28.4%, and the isolated organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in addition to Candida albicans. Trials to isolate Brucella and Salmonella species were negative; however, virological examination revealed the isolation of bovine herpes¬virus type-1 in two cases. Conclusion: Inflammatory lesions were the most prevailing pathological lesions observed along the genital tract of she-camels, and E. coli was the most prevalent isolate. The microbiological burden from the genital discharge could be of zoonotic importance to the examiner and could be a contaminant to the environment and, consequently, human. In addition, attention should be paid toward the possibility of infected she-camels to transmit such infections to farm animals in contact. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 633-646]

Objective: In this research study, we explore the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of palate Camelus hybrids and their parental species (dromedary and Bactrian). Materials and Methods: We studied a sample of pictures from 27 adult skulls of pure Camelus dromedarius (n = 13), Camelus bactrianus (n = 7), and their crosses (n = 7), from two different col¬lections. A set of 11 semilandmarks was located on the palatal region and was studied by means of geometric morphometric methods. The asymmetric variation was analyzed and evaluated for allometric effects, and variation among these three groups was studied using a canonical variates analysis. Results: Among hybrids, there appeared a significantly lower amount of FA in comparison to the parental species, which may reflect the lower levels of genetic stress and higher levels of direc¬tional asymmetry, which may suggest the presence of strongly transgressive mastication com¬pared to pure species. Conclusion: Camel hybrids would present increased developmental stability and better adapta¬tion over those of parenteral lines. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 663-668]

Objectives: This study was designed for the investigation of the effect of infection by Trypanosoma evansi on the changes of reproductive indices of the testis, causing reproductive failure in drom¬edary bulls (Camelus dromedarius). Material and methods: Seventy-five bulls were used for monitoring of the changes in the semen characteristics, reproductive hormones, hematobiochemical profiles, histopathological charac¬ters in the testis, and oxidative biomarkers. The animals were divided into two groups. Group A represented the uninfected or control group, while group B represented the infected group. Group B was again divided into two subgroups, such as acute and chronic infected animals. Results: Results showed that the semen analysis of infected camels revealed the presence of alterations in the morphology of sperms, especially the heads and tails, as compared to control animals. The hormonal profile indicated a significant decrease in the luteinizing hormone, folli¬cle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels, accompanied by the rise in the cortisol level in infected camels compared with the negative control. The histopathology and testicular degener¬ation were found to be associated with other disorders in infected camels. The oxidative profile and protein oxidation were promoted in infected testicles, indicating the occurrence of harmful effects in the cell. Conclusion: It is concluded that T. evansi infection in dromedary bulls causes severe damage to the testicular tissue and decreases the reproductive hormone levels associated with severe mor¬phological disorders in sperms due to oxidative stress resulting from the infection. All these find¬ings indicate that T. evansi can cause reproductive failure and fertility damage. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 537-545]

Objective: This work was organized to assess macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression in snakehead fish extract supplementation to first-line eradication regimen in rats induced by Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and methods: A total of 28 manly rats were haphazardly isolated equally into four groups. Group-1 was the control negative, and groups-24 were H. pylori-infected groups. Group-2 was the control positive. Groups-3 and 4 were treated with first-line eradication regi¬men and first-line eradication regimen supplemented with snakehead fish extract, respectively. Immunoreactive scores (IRS) of MIF expression and eradication testing procedure were carried out. The comparison and difference between groups were analyzed by KruskalWallis and post hoc MannWhitney U-test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be a limit of significance. Results: The average IRS of MIF expression in group-2 was the highest among other groups (p < 0.05). Group-4 (supplemented by snakehead fish extract) had a lower median value IRS of MIF expression compared to group-3 [1.0 (0.02.0) vs. 3.5 (2.06.0), p = 0.004]. Conclusion: MIF expression was higher in rats induced by H. pylori infection. Snakehead fish extract supplementation to first-line eradication regimen significantly reduces more MIF expres¬sion compared to a single administration of first-line eradication regimen in rats induced by H. pylori infection. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 209-217]

Objective: The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of feeding pineapple waste silage (PWS) as the source of roughage replaced in Napier grass silage (NGS) on the nutrient intakes, energy status, and growth performances of growing Myanmar local cattle. Materials and methods: Eight growing Myanmar local cattle were randomly allocated into two groups, which were adjusted for age, sex, and body weight. Treatments were control (70% NGS + 30% concentrate) and PWS (45% NGS + 25% PWS + 30% concentrate). This experiment lasted for 6 weeks, including adaptation, and feed intake, energy status, and body weight gain were measured. Results: The higher (p < 0.05) intakes of dry matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber and energy, and energy balance were observed in the PSW group than in the con¬trol group. Although the initial and final body weights of both groups were not different (p > 0.05), the body weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PSW group than in the control group. Feeding PWS as a roughage source at 25% of diet improved the nutrient intake, energy balance, and body weight gain of growing Myanmar local cattle. Conclusion: Thus, PWS could be used as the source of roughage replaced in NGS in Myanmar local cattle with the improvement of productive performances. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 436-441]

Objective: A clinico-epidemiological study was conducted at two veterinary hospitals in Dhaka to evaluate the prevalence of parvoviral enteritis (PVE) in dogs and feline panleukopenia (FPL) in cats, to detect factors associated with them, and to identify their common clinical signs. Materials and Methods: Clinico-epidemiological data were collected for a total of 88 dogs and 129 cats which were presented to the hospitals, entered into MS excel 2010, and then transferred to STATA-14 software for conducting descriptive and univariable statistical analyses (Fishers exact test). The maps showing the spatial distribution of PVE and FPL were produced by using QGIS software version 2.18.13. Results: PVE in dogs and FPL in cats had the highest prevalence compared to other diseases (34.1%; 95% confidence interval: 24.344.9; N = 88 and 20.2%; 95% confidence interval: 13.6 28.1; N = 129, respectively). Young age (43.8%), poor body condition (58.4%), and exotic breeds (44.2%) were significantly associated with the occurrence of PVE (p &#8804; 0.05). Poor body condition (27.8%) and non-vaccination status (26.7%) were associated with FPL (p &#8804; 0.05). Both PVE and FPL showed clinical signs of being off-feed, frequent vomiting, weakness, and moderate dehydration. Conclusion: The high prevalence of PVE and FPL indicates that they are common in dogs and cats in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The factors related to PVE are young age, exotic breed, and poor body condition score (BCS), and FPL are poor BCS and non-vaccination. Specific measures such as care during younger age, good nutrition, and routine vaccination are needed to prevent and control PVE and FPL in Dhakas dog and cat population. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 726-733]

Objective: Selenium (Se), as the form of selenite, is commonly supplemented in poultry diet, which has low bioavailability and high toxicity. Here, we compared the effects of the supplemen¬tation of the diet with Se nanoparticles (nano-Se) on the growth, sexual behavior, and reproduc¬tive performance (gonad size, sperm quality traits, and plasma testosterone levels for males and egg production for females) of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Materials and Methods: Quail chicks (n = 300) aging 14 days were divided into three groups: Group 1 (basal diet and Se at 0.2 mg/kg ration), Group 2 (basal diet and nano-Se at 0.2 mg/kg ration), and Group 3 (basal diet and nano-Se at 0.1 mg/kg ration). Several parameters relating to body weight and egg were measured. Sexual behaviors of the birds were observed by continuous visual scanning. The sperm viability, sperm morphology, and concentration of spermatozoa were determined after staining and microscopic examination. The plasma testosterone levels were determined by indirect enzyme immunoassay assay. The Se concentrations in the testicular, ovar¬ian, and ration samples were measured by flame emission atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The type or concentration of nano-Se administration had no impact on body weight, feed efficiency, egg production, or egg weight. However, the total feed intake throughout the experi¬ment was reduced in Group 2 at 0.2 mg/kg. Nano-Se supplementation significantly increased the sexual behavior. In general, the deposition of Se in the testicular and ovarian tissues increased with increasing supplement concentration. At the same supplement concentration, the tissue deposition of nano-Se was more enhanced than that of inorganic Se. Nano-Se supplementation improved the testicular functions by enhancing plasma testosterone level and sperm quality traits (sperm count, motility, and viability). This improvement was found more prominent with the lower supplement concentration (when comparing 0.1 vs. 0.2 mg/kg diet). Conclusion: It is concluded that the use of nano-Se (at 0.1 mg/kg) in the ration of Japanese quail improves several reproductive performance parameters. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 597-607]

Objective: This case report aims to discuss the veterinary approach taken to control a case of aspergillosis outbreak on a duck farm. Materials and Methods: A broiler duck farm with a population of 900 Muscovy ducks was having a complaint of a 5% mortality rate in their 3-week-old ducklings. Upon presentation, 10% of the ducks appeared to be listless, dyspneic, ruffled feathers, and cyanotic. Postmortem examination of the dead birds was conducted. The collected samples were subjected to isolation and iden¬tification of the associated Aspergillus fumigatus under the microscope using the scotch tape method. Results: Postmortem examination revealed whitish to creamy caseous nodules in the lungs, tho¬racic air sacs, gizzard, proventriculus, and intestines. Granuloma lesions and infiltration of inflam¬matory cells were observed in the lung and liver tissues. As for therapeutic management, all ducks were treated with copper sulfate, erythromycin, and multivitamins as the fungicide, antibiotic, and supplement, respectively, via drinking water. Conclusion: There is no effective treatment for Aspergillosis as the spores are difficult to destroy completely. Nonetheless, the disease can be controlled and prevented effectively with proper farm sanitation and providing a suitable feed storage environment to inhibit the growth of this opportunistic fungus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 692-697]

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in retail poultry shops, characterized the antibiotic resistance profile, and detected the genotypic pattern of vir¬ulence genes. Materials and Methods: Broiler meat (n = 90), intestinal content (n = 40), and environmental samples (n = 95) were collected for this study. Besides, hand swabs (n = 20) were obtained from the poultry shop workers and stool samples (n = 40) were collected from the outpatient clinics of Beni-Suef University Hospital, Egypt. The samples were subjected to isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes by conventional bacteriological examinations and biochemical tests, followed by confirmatory identification by the polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among the collected samples (n = 285), L. monocytogenes could be detected in 14.4% (n = 41/285) of the samples, where 30.0% (n = 12/40) of the intestinal content was positive. Similarly, 10.0% (n = 9/90), 15.0% (n = 3/20), and 12.5% (n = 5/40) of the samples of meat, hand swabs, and stools were found positive for L. monocytogenes, respectively. A total of 12 (12.6%) out of 95 environmental samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Based on the antimicrobial sensitiv¬ity profile, most of the recovered isolates were multidrug-resistant against most commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion: The findings conclude that poultry shops play a vital role in transmitting L. monocy¬togenes to the consumers. Asymptomatic poultry shop workers should draw attention to their potentials for spreading the infection to the consumers through the contaminated carcasses. Low hygienic standards are present in commercial poultry shops that increase the risk of contamina¬tion in the sold products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 710-717]