A total of 807 stool and fecal samples (251 stool samples from diarrheic children under six years old, 254, and 250 fecal samples from diarrheic and apparently healthy pre-weaned calves and lambs, respectively in addition to 50 fecal samples from dogs) were collected from different localities in Behera and Menoufia Governorates for detection of Cryptospridium spp., Giardia spp. and Entamoeba histolytica). Cryptosporidium spp. has been detected by using modified Ziel-Nelssen Stain (MZN) in 30 (11.95%); 26 (10.24%); 31(12.4%) and 2(3.84%) of the examined stool and fecal samples from children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both Governorates. There were significant relationships between infection of the examined calves with Cryptospordium parvum and their age and healthy status. The same relation was noticed in concern with the examined children. Results of MZN were confirmed by using ELISA which was found sensitive (overall sensitivity 96.6%). In spite of the higher sensitivity of PCR than MZN for detection of C. parvum in fecal specimens especially when oocysts are scanty, the high cost of reagents and lack of expensive instruments which are not available in all clinical laboratories render MZN staining technique acceptable and reliable. By using direct smear and formal ether method, Giardia intestinals has been detected in {27(10.75%); 51(20.08%); 63(29.2%) and 5 (9.61%)} of stool and fecal samples from the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively from both Governorates. Calves, lambs and dogs seem to be important sources for Giardia intestinalis to man. Entamoeba histolytica has been detected in {19(7.56%); 0 (0),0(0) and 2(3.84%) of stool and fecal samples of the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both governorates. Dogs are regarded as an important source of Entamoeba histolytica to man.

The susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens, namely E. coli, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeroginosa which were isolated from egg incubators and yolk sacs of randomly selected one day old Fayoumy chicks to three selected cephalosporins (cephradine, ceftiofur and cefquinome) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the tested drugs and the effect of these antibiotics on the body weight gain, mortality and immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine of the same bread of chicks were also estimated. The tested organisms were sensitive to ceftiofur and cefquinome whereas E.coli and ps. aeroginosa were found to be resistant to cephradine. The results showed that mortalities were higher in control and cephradine treated groups, while it was lower in the ceftiofur and cefquinome treated groups. On the other hand, the lowest mean body weight was recorded in control group (155.7±6.55 gm) followed by ceftiofur treated group (162.5±2.06 gm) and the highest mean body weight was recorded in cefquinome treated group (183.5±1.66 gm, p < 0.01) at 30 days of age. The study revealed that the tested antibiotics not exert any immune suppressive effect against (ND) vaccine.

Polyvalent clostridial vaccine has been prepared according to L+ dose of C. perfringens type B and D, C. septicum, C. oedematiens, the optical density of C. chauvoei, and flocculation test of C. tetani. The vaccine has been evaluated in guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep. It gave high protective immunity in guinea pigs in challenge test (100% protection), the sera of vaccinated rabbits gave high titers more than the permissible limit. Sera of vaccinated sheep showed high antibody titer and good immune response which revealed that the vaccine able to protect sheep against clostridial diseases. The recent formulation of polyvalent clostridial vaccine is very useful tool for production of highly antigenic multicomponent clostridial vaccine used for control of different clostridial diseases.

This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological status of fresh Tilapia nilotica, fresh Clarias lazera, frozen Mackerel and smoked Herring fish marketed in Beni-Suef City. The collected samples were examined for total bacterial count, coli form (MPN), faecal coli forms (MPN), E. coli (MPN), Staphylococcus aureus count, total proteolytic count, total lipolytic count, Aeromonas count and Pseudomonas count, as well as the isolation of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. Most of the examined samples were within the permissible limits recommended by EOS and ICMSF, few samples of fresh Clarias lazera exceeded the recommended limits. The economic importance and public health significance of the isolated organisms were discussed.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strain involved in a separate fowl cholera outbreak in a turkey flock farm located in El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt early 2008 was investigated. The isolated strain was compared with an Egyptian Pasteurella multocida isolate that was previously isolated from turkey flock during last decade besides four vaccinal strain (A:5, A:8, A:9 and D:2) on phenotypic and genotypic characterization basis. Phenotypically all the strains were similar as all the strains produce non haemolytic colonies on blood agar, and all the strains revealed similar biochemial behaviour. On the other hand, the genomic typing of all the stains using rep-PCR techniques [repetitive BOX elements, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] differentiated the six Pasteurella multocida strains into six different profiles. The molecular identity between the Pasteurella multocida 2008 strain and the previously isolated strain was 76.6 % and were ranged from 65.2% to 79.2% with the 4 vaccinal strains. These results reported the continuous mutations of the field Pasteurella multocida strains among poultry flocks in Egypt indicating the urgent need for the frequent and continuous molecular epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks in various poultry flocks to detect these new strains and update the fowl cholera vaccines.

A total number of 50 genital tracts were collected from cows slaughtered at “Belefia” abattoir in “Beni-Suef” governorate, Egypt. The genitalia were inspected grossly and the ovarian activity was noticed. Tissue specimens were taken from the tips of uterine horns, fallopian tubes, ovaries of both sides. The fallopian tubes were cut and sampled at three levels namely, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus. All tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (Bancroft and Stevens 1996) and examined microscopically. The pathological changes in the fallopian tube in relation to lesions in the uterus and ovarian activity were investigated. The uterine pathological lesions were endometritis (12%), adenomyosis (12%), and cystic glandular hyperplasis (8%). Inflammation of the fallopian tube salpingitis, was graduated as mild degree(18%), moderate degree(2%), and severe degree (2%). The intraepithelial microcysts of the uterine tube represented 8% of the examined cases.

A total of 1 076 sera from breeding goats were randomly collected from 24 different farms and tested with CHEKIT®-ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories B.V., 1 119 NE Schiphol-Rijk, Nederland) for antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus. The farms were divided into two categories of twelve farms each,based on their previous history of observed abortions over the previous 12 months: those with low (< 5%) levels of abortion and those with high (≥ 5%) levels of abortion. The farmers were also interviewed on their level of awareness about chlamydophilosis, its zoonotic importance and vaccination measures against the disease. The study detected overall seroprevalence levels of 25% for the farms and 8% for the individual animals (at 95% confidence). A total of six out of twentyfour farms (25%) had at least one positive breeding animal. Only five out of the twenty-four (20.8%)farmers interviewed were aware of chlamydophilosis and its zoonotic dangers. None of the 24 farmers interviewed practised any vaccination against chlamydophilosis. There was a significantly higher number of seropositive animals from farms with high levels of abortion, compared to those animals from farms with low levels of abortion (p = 0.0001). This study underscores the need for a higher level of farmer awareness and training on chlamydophilosis and its zoonotic dangers.

The sensory quality attributes of coated and uncoated beef burger patties formulated with texture soy granules or vegetables (peas and carrots) were studied in comparison to that of the control ones. Incorporation of textured soy granules significantly reduced the color, marbling, appearance, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, taste and overall acceptability in comparison with either control or vegetable extended burger. Addition of peas and carrots to uncoated burger significantly reduced the binding scores in raw samples, as well as flavor and juiciness in cooked samples, however, no significant differences could be observed in the other sensory attributes in both raw and cooked products. Vegetable extended burger had the highest cooking loss percent (20.14), followed by control samples (17.83), while soy extended product had the lowest value (15.82%). Application of batter and breading to vegetable extended burger significantly improved the investigated sensory parameters in comparison with the uncoated samples. On the other hand, application of batter and breading to soy extended burger revealed no improvement in the sensory quality attributes in both raw and cooked samples. Addition of soy granules and vegetables significantly increased the moisture, ash and carbohydrate and reduced the fat content of raw burger patties. Moreover the incorporation of textured soy significantly increased the protein content.

Freshwater snails collected from ditch like ponds near the River Nile in Beni-Suef Governorate during three climatically differed periods. Lymnaea cailliaudi, Biomphalaria alexandarina, Bulinus truncatus, Lanistes carinatus, Cleopatra bulimoids,Physa acuta, Viviparus viviparus, Melania tuberclata and Bivalves species were included. The total number of collected snails in December 2008, March 2009 and July 2009 were 1321, 1370 and 1211 respectively, with larger number in March than in July or December due to optimal climatic conditions in Marsh for most of collected snails. The recorded survival longevity in the laboratory was more than 90 days for Lymnaea cailliaudi, two months for Lanistes carinatus, while in Melania tuberclata, was about three weeks but only two to three days for Bivalves. Cercariae shedding observed from Lymnaea, Lanistes and Biomphalaria species beside stylet cecariae from Lymnaea and Lanistes snails, also rediae and sporocysts were found in crushed snails in all periods of collections with little difference between these periods, about 14% of crushed Lymnaea were containing rediae. Aquatic insects and their larvae were found especially water bug Sphaerodema sp. found predating snails or their eggs, also the mature insect still alive in the breeding container all over the period of the experiment more than three months. Culex larvae attacked egg masses of the snails, estacosa predated the snails while Telapia nilotica fishes showed low affinity to predate such snails. The oleo-gum resin Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) in the concentration of 0. 5gm/1 litre water killed 90 % of the exposed snails after 72 hours.

Broiler breeder Lohmann chickens aged 39 weeks received 3 doses each 0.2 ml of the inactivated oil emulsion AI- H9N2 vaccine, at the 2nd, 7th and 15th weeks of age by subcutaneous injection. The individual HI values of the tested samples were homogenous as their SD values were lower. All breeder and progeny sera were positive (100- 66.7%) at weeks 40- 46 weeks of age. Correlation between parents and progeny HI antibody levels was 0.95. Progeny/Parents HI antibodies percentage were ranged from 54.9 to 65.2%. Correlation between parents and progeny ELISA and HI antibody levels were 0.91 and 0.60- 0.65; respectively. The detected HI antibody titres at the 3rd day of age were slightly increased than that of the 1st day titres followed by gradual decrease to be apparently negative at the 12th -21st day of age in comparison to the original levels. The tested groups for Antibodies to H9 by ELISA test were still detected to 21- 27 days of age of progeny. The half-life time of maternal antibodies expressed as loss of one HI log 2 between groups was ranged from 3.3- 7.2 days; with average 5.1- 5.6 days. Half life time by ELISA titre was in average of 8.9 days. Correlations between HI and ELISA ranged from 0.83-0.94. We concluded that both HI and ELISA tests are of the same value in detection of AI antibodies and first vaccination of broiler chicks with maternal antibodies against AI H9N2 must be done after the 6th day of age.