Foot and mouth disease is an acute febrile highly contagious disease of cloven footed animals. India has a sizable proportion of small ruminants (135.17 million goats and 65.0 million sheep). Tamil Nadu, the eleventh largest state in India has a sizable proportion of sheep and goat populations (7.36 million sheep and 6.02 million goats). Sub-clinically infected small ruminants may pose a threat to cattle and buffalo in integrated livestock system. Small ruminants are neglected in FMD surveillance and control strategies in the country. In the present study, serological investigations against FMD were carried out to generate data on antibody prevalence in sheep and goat population of Tamil Nadu. Overall, 21.4% of sheep (83 out of 387 samples) and 23.5% of goats (81 out of 345 samples) tested were positive for FMD NSP antibodies and 14.7% of sheep and 18.3 % goats were positive for antibodies against virus structural proteins. The current study demonstrated the seroprevalence of FMD in the sheep and goat population of Tamil Nadu and suggests the need for surveillance activities and FMD control by vaccination in small ruminants alongside large ruminant population.nbsp;

Canine pyometra is the most common diestrual uterine disease of intact bitches and is characterized by accumulation of purulent material in the uterine lumen, typically occurring during or immediately following a period of progesterone dominance. Pyometra can be classified as open-cervix or closed-cervix, with the latter being a medical emergency requiring rapid intervention to prevent subsequent sepsis and potential patient death (Pretzer, 2008).

Mycotoxins are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic toxic metabolites that are known to cause detrimental effect on the health of animals consuming its contaminated feed. The objective of this study was to study the seasonal occurrence of mycotoxins, aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), citrinin, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in feed and feed ingredients submitted to Pharmacovigilance Laboratory for Animal Feed and Food Safety (PLAFFS). A total of 412 samples which included feed (289) and feed ingredients (123) received during 2019-2020 were analyzed using thin layer chromatographic method. Among the 249 positive samples, the incidence of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1 amp;G2, citrinin and ochratoxin A were 85.54%, 14.06%, 1.2%, 20.08%, 3.21% and 2.41% respectively and the concentration of these mycotoxins ranged between 1.14 to 899.78 μg kg-1. Only few samples were contaminated with aflatoxin G1 amp; G2, Ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin. Seasons had an influence on the mycotoxin contamination and the highest incidence was detected during winter, whereas, Citrinin and T-2 toxin were maximum at monsoon and summer respectively. Regular monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed is essential to prevent the entry of mycotoxins in the food chain.

The objective of the study was to analyze the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of luteal blood flow during the first trimester of pregnancy in crossbred cows. Sixty pregnant animals were ultrasonographically investigated during three stages of gestation viz., Stage I: 25 – 35 days; Stage II: 45 – 60 days and Stage III: 75 – 90 days. The intensity of luteal blood flow was assessed and quantitative parameters were recorded. Very high intensity of luteal vascularity was found in stage I indicative of active neo-vascularization. The values of Doppler indices were reduced in stage II when compared to stage I, indicating a lesser resistance and free flow of blood as the pregnancy advanced. Progressive increase in vascularity could be attributed to the increasing demand of the CL to meet out the endocrine activity and maintenance of pregnancy.

This paper investigates the shelf life of mother’s milk at refrigerated storage (5˚C) processed by pulsed electric field technology (PEF), which is one of the novel, non–thermal methods of processing. Mother’s milk was processed using PEF technology by applying voltage gradient 35kV with different treatment times (3000 μs and 4500 μs). The processed samples were collected in sterile bottles and stored at 5˚C. The physico – chemical parameters (pH and acidity) of the PEF treated samples were analyzed at regular intervals and the results were compared with the pasteurized (62.5°C for 30 minutes) mother’s milk samples. Mean value for pH and acidity (ºD) was observed as 6.8±0.07 and 5.84±0.48 respectively during the 19th day of storage at 5ºC when the samples were treated at 35kV with a PEF treatment time of 4500 μs (T2). For pasteurized samples, mean value for pH and acidity (ºD) was observed as 6.75±0.09 and 6.17±0.61 respectively during the 7th day of storage at 5ºC. The results revealed that PEF treated samples stored at 5ºC remained shelf stable for 19 days whereas pasteurized milk samples stored at 5ºC remained shelf stable for 7 days.

Five years old seven month pregnant crossbred Jersey cow was presented with the history of anorexia and passing coffee coloured urine. Clinical examination of the animal revealed fever, pale mucous membrane, haemoglobinuria, suspended rumination and moderate tick infestation. Peripheral blood smear was stained with Giemsa stain and examined under compound light microscope found that the sample was positive for Babesia spp. The animal was treated with diminazine aceturate @ 3.5mg/kg b.wt IM along with supportive therapy. The animal was successfully recovered from the Babesiosis, after the ten days of recovery the cow was aborted.

A Seven months old female Jersey cross bred calf was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College amp; Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the history of trauma on the left eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed chronic deep corneal ulcer on the left eye. The presented case was successfully treated with temporary tarsorrhaphy and medical management. Animal had an uneventful recovery.

A biological experiment was conducted to study the effect of different mating ratio on fertility and hatchability of TANUVAS Namakkal quail-1 breeders. The experiment was conducted by using two hundred and fifty adult birds of the age 15-25 weeks (males:25 and females:125) and 35-45 weeks (males:25 and females:125) TANUVAS Namakkal quail-1 breeders. The different male: female ratios viz. T1 (1:2), T2 (1:3), T3 (1:4), T4 (1:5) and T5 (1:6) were maintained in cages separately. All the birds were reared as per the standard management procedure and fed with Japanese quail breeder diet. The fertile eggs were collected from each male: female ratio separately for 28 days period. Eggs were set in the incubator and per cent hatchability, infertile, embryonic mortality and dead-in-shell were studied. The results of the experiment revealed that the hatchability was highly significant (P<0.01) in T3 group (77.62%) with a mating ratio of 1:4 in 15 to 25 weeks age group and in T2 group (72.83%) with a mating ratio of 1:3 in 35 to 45 weeks age group. From this study it could be concluded that the optimum mating ratio for “TANUVAS NAMAKKAL Quail-1” breeder for younger age group is 1:4 and for older age group is 1:3.

Shrikhand is a traditional fermented dairy product with added nutritional profile. The present study encompasses on analyzing the functional properties viz. phenolic content, antioxidant activity, microbial quality and calorific value of functional shrikhand incorporated with orange fruit peel extract. The statistical analysis inferred that extracts of orange contained phenolic content in the range of 7.78±0.36 to 16.25±0.94 mg/g during storage. The ethanol extracts incorporated functional shrikhand presented higher antioxidant activity (17.74 to 34.25%) than that of aqueous extracts (14.35 to 33.64%) of orange peel. On further comparison, the dried fruit peel extracts offered more TPC and antioxidant activity (16.25±0.94 to 10.85±0.21 and 34.25±0.05 to 22.80±0.31%) than fresh fruit peel extracts (15.85±0.39 to 7.78±0.36 and 28.58±0.15 to 14.35±1.09) respectively. The orange fruit peel incorporated functional shrikhand can be stored up to 15 days at 5°C without affecting the overall sensory acceptability with enhanced antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and it could be used as dairy supplement in human diet.

A clinical case of feline scabies was recorded in an eleven month old male cat. With thick yellow crusty erythematous lesions and alopecia on the head and ears, the skin scrapings revealed positive for Notoedres cati mite. Treatment with two doses of Ivermectin at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight given by subcutaneous route biweekly for a month along with supportive therapy resulted in major improvement in the condition.