This study aimed to determine testicular blood flow with semen imaging and describe accompanying variations in mediastinal thickness (MT), serum testosterone, and semen characteristics in Baladi bucks approaching puberty and sexual maturity. From 5–10 months of age, Baladi bucks (n = 5) underwent B-mode imaging, Doppler scanning, and blood sampling for testosterone assaying once a month. From 7 months, semen was collected and evaluated. The first semen was collected at a mean age of 7.2 months, while the first spermatozoa appeared at 8.3 months, and the mean age of sexual maturity was 9.4 months. The highest semen volume (1.02 ± 0.09 mL), motility (mass score = 5 and individual = 78.00 ± 1.58%), morphology (94.74 ± 1.99%), alive% (85.21 ± 1.32), and semen concentrations (5.24 ± 0.32 109/mL) were noted in buck 4 (9.5 months; 25.0 kg) followed by others. Testicular width (TW) and MT were positively correlated (r = 0.71; P = 0.03) and increased from 8–10 months (P < 0.05). The spectral graph of young bucks revealed an absent end velocity point. Testicular flow expressed by colored area/pixels was positively correlated with age (r = 0.855), accompanied by increased testosterone levels. Semen characteristics and Doppler parameters were not significantly correlated, except Doppler indices negatively correlated with progressive motility percentage. In conclusion, only the testicular Doppler indices are useful for evaluating testicular function and selecting bucks for breeding since these were the only variables negatively correlated with progressive motility percentage. The spectral Doppler velocities are not useful in estimating the full picture of semen quality in sexually mature bucks. These values should be assessed cautiously since many alterations could lead to the elevation or decline of testicular Doppler parameters.

The changes in the expression profile of the angiogenic genes and serum biomarkers were investigated in the cows with the retained placenta after normal parturition. Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is considered one of the main reproductive disorders in dairy cattle. A total of 16 cows were allocated into two groups: group 1 (n = 8) the cows that have a normal loosed placenta, and group 2 (n = 8). The cows that have retained fetal membranes for more than 24 h after parturition. Blood with EDTA was collected from the tail vein for studying the expression of angiogenic proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor1 (VEGFR1), and RANTES genes. Serum was collected at a one-week interval before/after parturition for the study of biochemical changes. The VEGF expression decreased ten folds in cows with retained than normally dropped placentae (p ˂ 0.0001). The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) showed a threefold increase in cows with normal loosed than retained placentae (p˂0.01). The RANTES was increased in cows with retained rather than normal placentae by about 7 folds (p˂0.01). Phosphorus and total proteins were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM cows one week after parturition. The serum albumin, TG, HDL, and cholesterol were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM before, at, and after parturition. CPK was significantly higher in RFM before, at, and after parturition (p˂0.05). Increased values of MDA and decreased values of CAT, SOD, and R-GSH were detected in the blood of cows suffering from RFM (p˂0.05). In conclusion, the translation of VEGF and its receptor and RANTES mRNA at the time of parturition in dairy cows could be proxy biomarkers for the prediction of retained fetal membranes (RFM). In the same line, the activity of total proteins, serum albumin, TG, HDL, cholesterol, and CPK would be useful in the prediction of the RFM in dairy cows.

Interleukin-1 Receptor 8 (IL-1R8) is a transmembrane protein of the IL-1 receptor family and represents an important regulator of the balance of innate and inflammatory responses. Depending on the immunological insult, IL1-R8 protects from the immunopathology or impairs the protective immune response against the insult. The expression pattern of IL-1R8 in dog tissues is unknown. Given the relevance of inflammatory diseases in dog, the aims of this study were to identify the sequence, analyze the phylogenesis and investigate the differential expression and distribution of IL-1R8 in a wide panel of non-pathologic tissues and organs by means of quantitative Real-Time PCR and uncover species-specific peculiarities. In Canis lupus familiaris, the IL1-R8 gene maps on chromosome 18, and includes ten exons. We first compared the coding sequence of dog IL-1R8 with sequences of other carnivors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IL-1R8 shares significantly high sequence homology with IL-1R8 of other canids particularly fox, sharing a common progenitor. Our study demonstrated that IL-1R8 is highly expressed in pancreas, considerably expressed in kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, thymus, salivary gland, lymph node and lung. Interestingly, the expression pattern disclosed a unique profile for canine tissues when compared to tissues from other animal’s species. Imbalance of pro-inflammatory response leads to a vicious loop whither pro-inflammatory signaling and injury sustain each other and booster the disease. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate key regulator molecules such as IL-1R8, which functions both in homeostasis and disease and has potential to be a valid diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarker.

All cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) which is highly contagious viral illness. FMD is answerable for serious economic losses in Egypt. Despite the primary control approach being annual mass vaccination campaigns using polyvalent inactivated vaccinations, failure of vaccination has been according in several cases. The study was conducted on fifty native breed calves up to one year of age from both sexes, thirty calves suspected to be infected with FMD, and twenty clinically healthy calves were considered as controls. A total of fifty samples from organs (heart- epithelial tissue) were gathered from calves suspected to be FMD infected obtained from September 2021 to March 2022 in Sharkia and Menofeia governorates / Egypt. The current study was designed for the isolation of FMDV using BHK-21 cells. Molecular identification, through the extraction of Viral RNA, and RT-PCR were used to test samples for the FMDV virus. Diseased animals have changes in body temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate compared to controls. Moreover, murmur sounds were observed during auscultation of the heart. A hematological study revealed significant reductions in the RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV% with leukopenia and lymphopenia in the diseased group. The serum cardiac troponin, lipase, non-esterified fatty acid, beta hydroxyl butyric acid, glucose, AST, ALT activities, and blood urea nitrogen were considerably enhanced in diseased animals. But serum insulin and amylase were significantly reduced in diseased calves. Histopathological examination of calves revealed extensive lymph histiocytic myocarditis and necrotic lesions in the pancreas, liver, and kidney. In conclusion, the early stages of FMD in calves is characterized by myocardial cell injury, elevation of blood cardiac troponin, and necrotic pancreatitis represented by atrophy of pancreatic glands and islets of Langerhans.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease. Despite annual mass vaccination programs in Egypt, the incidence and economic losses are high. The Samples were collected after clinical examination of animals in 2022 and divided into three groups; Group 1(G1): Fifteen samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle (control group). Twenty-five samples were collected from cattle with suspected symptoms of FMD and divided into 2 groups 15 non-vaccinated Group 2(G2) and 10 vaccinated cattle Group 3(G3). Isolation of FMDV using BHK-21 cells was done. Molecular identification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of new FMDV serotypes A and O circulating variants from G2 and G3 regarding targeting the VP1 gene. Results demonstrated that genotype O was related to East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype. Identification of FMDV using PCR for field isolates, revealed that genotype A was related to genotype IV of the African topotype. The isolated virus on BHK-21 showed characteristic cytopathic effects (CPE). Hematological analysis showed a significant decrease in most hematological parameters with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical constituents revealed a significant increase in AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and cortisol, while a significant decrease in the total protein, albumin, and globulins in (G2). The vaccinated group showed a significant increase in serum AST and cortisol. The highest values of IL10, CRP, Troponin 1, Haptoglobin, and Complement 3 in the infected group (G2). Pathological examination revealed ulcerative dermatitis on the tongues and the coronary bands of the hoof. The heart revealed severe lymphocytic myocarditis with depletion of lymph nodes and spleen. While vaccinated (G3) revealed a significant decrease in RBC count and Hb concentration also lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and leukocytosis were founded. while the lowest values of IL10, and Haptoglobin were reported in the vaccinated one (G3). The recorded level of IgG showed a severe decrease in G2 and a high increase in G3. The pathological lesions recorded in G3 were milder than in G2. It could be concluded that the isolates in this study from both groups non-vaccinated and vaccinated were matching each other while not matching with the local vaccinal strain. The vaccinated cattle in 2022 had mild to moderate immunity against the disease.

The chemical composition of a specific material, the structure that gives it its unique qualities, and indirectly the method of production all has an impact on the selection of an effective bioactive material for medical applications. Moringa is a type of medicinal plant with unique active ingredients that have been traditionally used to treat a variety of conditions. The species is also used to purify water and is recognized as a source of nutrients. The type consists of 13 species that have been extensively domesticated in Asia and Africa, M.O. one of them whose pharmacological values worried scientists to manage. The objective of this study is to provide updated and well-defined information on the traditional uses, biological characteristics, and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera. It will also evaluate upcoming research opportunities. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and other journal articles published between 1994 and 2021 were used to gather the literature for this paper's review. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties of Moringa oleifera are well known. Flavonoids, glucosides, and glucosinolates are present in significant concentrations, which activate the majority of its natural activity. We intend to shed light on this plant by outlining the traditional use and pharmacological properties of Moringa.

Bovine mastitis is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy cows and subsequently milk production. There are several causes leading to the onset of mastitis in dairy cows, bacterial diseases are among the most important etiological agents. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles against two major organisms causing mastitis in cows. Bacteriological examination of milk samples in the present study revealed that 25(40.32%) and, 27(43.54%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), respectively. Among the examined samples 15(24.19%) had mixed E. coli and S. aureus infection. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns showed that most isolates of S. aureus and E. coli were multidrug resistant, on the other hand they were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin.  Broth microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of selenium nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli isolates.  The MIC values against S. aureus isolates ranged from 15.62 to 31.25µg/ml, but in E. coli isolates ranged between 31.25 and 62.5 µg/ml. This in vitro result clearly indicates that the selenium nanoparticle have a good antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria causing mastitis.

Crustaceans such as shrimp and crab are considered as a rich source of protein, omega 3 fatty acids and trace elements. However, they are exposed to a vast array of xenobiotics during their lifetime such as heavy metals, pesticides, and dioxins. Moreover, crustaceans are also implicated in the transmission of many foodborne pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and others. They are also rich in biogenic amines such as histamine and cadaverine, and they might cause severe allergic reactions in highly susceptible people. This review summarized the current scenario of potential hazards associated with the consumption of crustaceans in Egypt.

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effects of focal spot size of X-ray tube on sharpness of clinical radiographic images of dogs and cats. Radiographic images of 24 stifle joints, 15 carpi, 18 lumbar spines, 61 thoraxes, and 47 abdomens of 102 dogs and 4 cats were obtained in the present study, using 2 X-ray tubes with nominal focal spots of 2.0 mm and 0.6 mm, respectively. The sharpness of specific anatomical structures in all the images of 5 projections was assessed. The radiographic sharpness of various anatomical structures of lumbar spine and cortex of stifle with fine focal spot was increased significantly compared with broad focal spot images. In addition, the blurred motion was significantly higher in the fine focal spot images of thorax. In conclusion, our study suggests that a selective use of fine foci for imaging of lumbar spine or cortex of stifle enhanced radiographic sharpness.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows and their impact on reproductive performance. The characteristics of 1,504 cows, including their peripartum health, nutrition, production, and reproduction, were collected. Cows with metabolic disorder were significantly more likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; p less than 0.001) and cows with clinical endometritis tended to be more likely (OR, 1.35; p less than 0.1) to become repeat breeders than cows without metabolic disorder and clinical endometritis, respectively. Cows initially inseminated more than 80 days after calving were less likely (OR, 0.78; p less than 0.05) to become repeat breeders than cows initially inseminated ≤ 80 days after calving. As a result, repeat breeding in dairy cows resulted in a 90 day longer (p less than 0.0001) mean interval from calving to pregnancy. In conclusion, postpartum metabolic disorder, clinical endometritis, and a short interval from calving to initial insemination were risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows, resulting in a severely impaired reproductive performance.